398
Chapter Twelve
where
E
⫽
voltage, V
I
⫽
current, A
R
⫽
resistance,
⍀
Power,
defined as a force moving through a distance per unit time,
is defined electrically by the equation
P
⫽
EI
where
P
⫽
power in watts.
In direct-current (dc) systems, the voltage is applied in one direction
only. In alternating-current (ac) systems, the voltage changes direction
on a continuous basis; 60-Hz systems are common in the United
States, while 50-Hz systems are common in Europe. (Hz
⫽
hertz, or
cycles per second.)
12.3
Common Service Voltages
Many different voltages have been used over time for electrical service
in and to buildings and complexes. Forty to fifty years ago, many—if
not most—building distribution was single-phase at 120 / 240 V. A
high-leg delta scheme was used to feed single- and three-phase re-
quirements. Current practice tends toward three-phase service in
most locales. Smaller systems focus on 120 / 208 V, larger systems on
277 / 480 V. Control systems usually step down to 24 V.
Utility and campus distribution voltages are often found at 2300,
4160, 7200, and 12,470 V. Large motors are sometimes selected for
2300 or 4160 V if that works well with the distribution system. There
is a sharp increase in the complexity and cost of electrical gear above
5 kV (5000 V) which precludes much use of the higher voltages. The
HVAC designer may occasionally encounter 2300- or 4160-V motors
on chillers or large pumps. Competent help is needed in specifying
electrical gear and protection for such applications.
Most motors and other user devices are rated to perform acceptably
at nameplate voltage plus or minus 10 percent. Power companies gen-
erally commit to line voltage plus or minus 5 percent, with brownouts
and outages allowed. This explains the common motor voltage versus
system voltage relationships typically encountered. Table 12.1 illus-
trates these voltage rating–delivery relationships. It becomes appar-
ent why industry has evolved away from the earlier 220 / 440-V motor
ratings. The 240 / 480-V delivery systems were simply out of the motor
service range much of the time.
Electrical Features of HVAC Systems
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