300
Chapter Nine
Figure 9.12
Shell-and-tube, water-cooled condenser.
Figure 9.13
Evaporative condenser.
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301
circulating pump. Water treatment is necessary to minimize corrosion
and fouling. Bare tubes are used to minimize the effects of waterside
fouling and to facilitate cleaning. This equipment utilizes the heat
removed by evaporation of the water as water is sprayed over the coil.
Capacity is a function of the ambient wet-bulb temperature, coil tube
surface area, and airflow rate.
9.6
Cooling Towers
A cooling tower is a device for cooling a stream of water by evaporating
a portion of the circulated stream. Such cooled water may be used for
many purposes, but the principal concern in this book is its use as a
heat sink for a refrigeration system condenser. An excellent discussion
of cooling tower principles is found in Ref. 2.
The two main types of cooling towers are open-circuit and closed-
circuit, described below. There are also two basic configurations: cross-
flow and counterflow. In both arrangements, the water enters at the
top of the tower and flows downward through it. In the counterflow
arrangement, the air enters at the bottom and flows upward. In the
cross-flow arrangement, the air enters at one side, flows across the
tower, and flows out the other side.
Towers may be forced- or induced-draft, using fans (Figs. 9.14 and
9.16), or natural draft, utilizing convective chimney effects. Typical of
this latter group are the large hyperbolic towers seen at many power
plants (Fig. 9.15). In a forced-draft tower, the air is blown into and
through the tower by the fans; in an induced-draft tower, the air is
drawn through the tower. Forced-draft arrangements keep the fan out
of the moist airstream. Induced-draft towers may obtain more uniform
airflow patterns.
Towers are spray-filled, with the water distributed through spray
nozzles, or splash-filled, where the water flows by gravity and splashes
off the tower fill material. In either case, the objective is to maximize
the evaporation effectiveness. The most important factors in this effort
are (1) the effectiveness of spray or splash in atomizing the water, (2)
the internal tower volume in which air and water come into contact,
(3) the airflow rate through the tower, and (4) the water flow rate.
Tower fill material used to be redwood. Now most fill material is made
of fiber-impregnated PVC or some similar plastic. Vitrified clay tile fill
is used in some designs.
The two terms relating to tower performance are
range
and
ap-
proach.
The
range
is the difference between the entering and leaving
cooling water temperatures. For HVAC practice, this is usually 10 to
20
⬚
F, although 8 to 10
⬚
F is common for vapor compression systems
and 15 to 20
⬚
F is common for absorption systems. The
approach
is the
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