2.4
HVAC Cycles
Figure 2.1 is a schematic representation of an elementary mechanical
cooling cycle. While dehumidification is not an essential part of the
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17
Figure 2.1
Mechanical cooling cycle.
cooling cycle, it usually occurs where the cooling medium is colder
than the dew point temperature of the air. The cooling load
Q
C
in the
conditioned space is a combination of internal and external loads (e.g.,
people, lights, solar) and is usually removed by circulating air through
the space, with the entering air having a lower temperature and hu-
midity than the desired space condition. To offset the cooling load, the
temperature and humidity of the supply air are increased to equal
those of the space, and then air is returned to the air-handling unit
(AHU), where it is recooled and dehumidified. Most spaces require
some (outside) ventilation air, which is mixed with the return air at
the AHU, thereby imposing an additional cooling load
Q
V
.
If the out-
side-air enthalpy is less than the space enthalpy, then
Q
V
will be neg-
ative and some ‘‘free cooling’’ will be obtained. Work energy is required
to circulate the air—usually a fan driven by an electric motor—and
this work
Q
W
becomes a part of the cooling load. The total load rep-
resented by
Q
C
⫹
Q
V
⫹
Q
W
must be removed by the heat rejection
equipment, usually a refrigeration system. Some additional work is
done here by pumping fluids and driving refrigeration machines and
condenser or cooling-tower fans. Ultimately all this heat energy is
dumped to a heat sink—sometimes water, most often atmospheric air.
Note that the work portions of this cycle are parasitical. They con-
tribute additional heat which must be removed, reducing the overall
system efficiency.
Figure 2.2 shows schematically an elementary heating cycle, again
using an air-handling unit. In this cycle, the ventilation load is usually
negative, requiring additional heating, but the work factors contribute
to the available heat. Thus, most heating systems are more effective
overall than most cooling systems, when effectiveness is defined as
the heating or cooling done, divided by the energy input.
In Figs. 2.1 and 2.2, convective and radiation losses from piping,
ductwork, and equipment have been neglected for simplicity. These
factors may become important, particularly in large systems.
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