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| Bog'liq HVAC HANDBOOK
328
Chapter Ten
solid waste be undertaken without the assistance of either the equip-
ment manufacturer or a competent consultant, or both.
Wood became very popular for a time and has been in use for many
years. A major problem with wood is its moisture content and resinous
deposits. Supplies have become limited in many areas.
10.6
Fuel-Burning Equipment
Burners are devices for controlling the combustion process by mixing
the fuel and air in the proper relationship and making the process
efficient.
10.6.1
Coal burners
Coal, as a fuel for small-scale applications, has become less common
over time. While coal as a fuel is relatively inexpensive, the mecha-
nisms for fuel transport and firing and ash handling drive the overall
owning and operating cost above that for natural gas. Pollution con-
straints are also costly. In spite of this, there is still a demand for the
use of coal in some instances, particularly in large-scale facilities.
Coal and other solid fuels are fired automatically by means of stok-
ers, pulverizers, or fluid-bed combustion systems. A
stoker
is a means
of adding fuel on a metered basis to an existing fire. An underfeed
stoker, normally applied to small boilers and furnaces, feeds fresh fuel
from below the fire. The fuel is spread out on dump grates for the
completion of combustion. A traveling-grate stoker has a moving or
vibrating grate on which the fuel is deposited. The fuel burns as the
grate moves so that at the end of the grate the ash is dumped to an
ash pit from which it may be removed manually or mechanically. A
spreader stoker feeds a traveling grate, or a dump grate, but the coal
is deposited by throwing it onto the grate with a special feed device.
A vibrating stoker is sloped so that the fuel moves down the grate by
gravity from the feed end as lateral rods are moved back and forth.
All these stokers include forced-draft and / or induced-draft fans to con-
trol the flow of combustion air. The balance between overfire air and
underfire air is critical for complete combustion and reduction of par-
ticulate emissions.
Pulverized coal firing is found in larger (150 million Btu / h) boilers.
Raw coal is fed through a mill which pulverizes the coal into coffee-
ground to dust-size particles which are then introduced into the fire-
box through a burner tube similar to a gas burner. There is a violent
mixing of coal particles and air to effect combustion.
An alternative concept for solid fuel and solid waste firing is the
atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion system. Although it has been
Equipment: Part 2
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