8.2.2
Energy sources
Several types of energy are used in control systems. Most older HVAC
systems use pneumatic devices, with low-pressure compressed air at
0 to 20 lb / in
2
gauge. Many systems are electric, using 24 to 120 V or
even higher voltages. The modern trend is to use electronic devices,
with low voltages and currents, for example, 0 to 10 V dc, 4 to 20 mA
(milliamps), or 10 to 50 mA. Hydraulic systems are sometimes used
where large forces are needed, with air or fluid pressures of 80 to 100
lb / in
2
or greater. Some control devices are self-contained, with the en-
ergy needed for the control output derived from the change of state of
the controlled variable or from the energy in the process plant. Some
systems use an electronic signal to control a pneumatic output for
greater motive force.
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