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Chapter Seven
chiller control to reduce capacity until, at some low limit of capacity,
the chiller will shut down, though chilled water flow will continue.
The potential chiller cycling can be offset to some extent by raisng
the supply water temperature as the load decreases, but too great
a rise might make it impossible to maintain a desired humidity level
in the building. The pump and chiller must run continuously as long
as cooling is required. Hot gas bypass is sometimes used to force a
chiller to say on-line in low-load conditions.
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In any system with two or more chillers, the situation becomes more
complex, with potential operating difficulties, but with greater op-
portunities for energy conservation. Figure 7.6 shows one possible
arrangement. The first necessary step is to use two-way valves for
control of the AHU coils. If three-way valves are used, then the
system tends to require constant flow through all pumps and chillers
and little or no energy conservation is possible. Either the flow rate
or temperature control varies with the number of chiller-pump com-
binations on-line. With two-way valves, the distribution system flow
can vary in proportion to the load.
It is also possible to modulate flow rates through the individual
chillers between limits established by the manufacturer. Changes in
flow rates must be gradual, to avoid refrigerant surge. The modu-
lation may be accomplished by variable-speed pumping—best for en-
ergy conservation—or by means of throttling valves. To maintain
the required minimum flow through the chiller at reduced loads, it
is usually necessary to bypass some flow in the distribution system.
The bypass valve is controlled to maintain a constant pressure
differential between supply and return mains, sufficient to serve the
most remote AHU. This valve is frequently located in the central
plant but is better located at the hydraulically most remote load in
the distribution system. If this load is satisfied, all other loads will
be satisfied. In a very large system, several remote points may be
sampled and the most demanding used for the differential pressure
control.
The bypass valve must be sized for the nominal flow rate of one
chiller. As the load and distribution flow decrease to the point where
the valve is fully open (or nearly so), a limit switch and alarm light
can be used to inform the plant operator that one chiller and pump
can be taken off-line. When the bypass valve is fully closed (or
nearly so), a similar alarm signals the operator to start a pump and
chiller. This avoids the operating cost of unnecessary equipment and
allows the on-line equipment to operate more efficiently. The annual
saving in pumping cost alone can be very significant. The distribu-
tion system can be any of the three types discussed in Chap. 6.
Design Procedures: Part 5
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