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Chapter Seven
pressure steam, but must be handled carefully to avoid flashing re-
lated to changes in elevation across the facility.
The detailed design of HTW plants is a specialty beyond the scope
of this book. There are few definitive works on the technology and only
a few design offices across the country, with personnel having HTW
experience. Chapter 14 of the 2000 ASHRAE Handbook,
HVAC Sys-
tems and Equipment,
discusses the topic.
A designer working in or with an HTW plant will find recognizable
components. High pressure boilers are the heart of the plant. Almost
any fuel can be accommodated. HTW boilers are almost always cir-
culated with constant flow independent of the load, to avoid hot spots
and steaming on the heat transfer surfaces. Some plants use a large
drum with a steam cushion to accept the wide fluid expansion and
contraction episodes encountered in large systems. An alternative and
now more common practice is to use an expansion drum pressurized
with nitrogen in a manner similar to a conventional lower-temper-
ature heating plant.
HTW plants usually serve variable-flow secondary systems (the
loads have control valves which meter the supply water to match the
load) and therefore benefit from variable-speed control for the system
pumps.
To protect the plant from power outage, most HTW plants have
standby power generation capability. To protect from sudden water
loss due to rupture in the distribution system, quick-closing valves on
the piping in and out of the plant are recommended.
HTW plants usually look for return water temperatures ranging
from 200 to 250
⬚
F. If the water comes back warmer than the design
value, it becomes difficult to load the fixed-circulation-rate boilers.
Building system designers working with HTW should recognize that
steam generation at pressures above 15 lb / in
2
is not a good load for
an HTW system. Since the HTW leaving the steam generator must be
above the steam saturation temperature, it is impossible for a steam
generator to get the return water temperature down to the plant de-
sign inlet condition. Large HTW flows are required, and this wastes
distribution system capacity. This problem can be relieved by cascad-
ing the steam generator HTW return into a lower-grade heating ser-
vice; but, in general, high-pressure steam requirements should be ac-
commodated with an independent boiler.
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