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Chapter Five
5.2.10
Variable speed control of fans
Since fan capacity is directly related to fan speed for all types of fans,
fan speed selection has always been a part of fan system design. Belt
drives with adjustable or exchangeable sheaves have been a tradi-
tional method for adjusting a given fan to a specific system capacity
requirement. Two-speed or multispeed motors have provided a means
of fan speed and capacity adjustment on a high-low or high-medium-
low basis. For small motors, a manually adjustable speed switch sim-
ilar to a lighting dimmer switch has been available.
Speed adjustment for fans to modify capacity to exactly meet the
load has great potential benefit for fan energy conservation. If volume
flow is proportional to fan speed, and developed fan pressure is pro-
portional to the square of the fan speed, fan power requirements are
proportional to the cube of the fan speed. This means that a 50 percent
reduction of fan speed results in a reduction of fan power (theoretical)
to one-eighth of the original power requirement. Where air-handling
systems serve loads of varying intensity, an opportunity to directly
control fan volume by varying fan speed is of great potential benefit.
Many variable air volume (VAV) systems run in a range of 40 to 80
percent of design capacity most of the time. Fan speed adjustment can
be in addition, and a corollary, to modulation of a primary heating and
cooling medium for the supply air stream.
If inlet vane dampers or adjustable belt drives have been common
mechanical-type volume adjustment techniques, with industrial fluid
drives as a high-priced option, recent development of competitively
priced variable-frequency drives, also derived from an industrial mar-
ket, are proving to be a great addition to the HVAC system configu-
ration. These units, which vary in size from fractional up through
several hundred horsepower capacity, use transistor technology to rec-
tify alternating current in the standard 50- or 60-Hz format, and re-
constitute it at any desired frequency. Since induction motor speed
depends on frequency of the power supply, varying voltage frequency
determines output of the fan, which can be automatically adjusted to
match the connected load.
While variable or adjustable speed drives (VSD or ASD), also called
variable frequency drives (VFD), are electrical in nature, they are di-
rectly involved in the mechanical duty. Selection and specification may
be a joint mechanical / electrical assignment but should be abrogated
by neither. Of many VFD brands available on the market, there is
wide variation in character and configuration. There are many pur-
chase options. Different brands are better or worse in terms of power-
line ‘‘harmonic’’ generation. Nearly all can be programmed and can
Design Procedures: Part 3
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