NursiNg aNd Midwifery research 4e
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draws overall conclusions from the body of
literature on a particular topic. This approach
enables inclusion of studies with diverse methods,
as well as theoretical and methodological papers
(Whittemore & Knafl 2005; Coyle et al. 2010).
The body of literature comprises all studies that
address related or identical research questions or
hypotheses. It can be an arduous task to perform
this type of review depending on the body of
knowledge that is available.
Meta-synthesis
Systematic reviews and other quantitative reviews
have been established for some time now. More
recently, there is a demand for methods of
synthesising the findings of qualitative research
studies, particularly in the area of health-related
research. This is particularly relevant for nursing
and midwifery. The term meta-synthesis is used
to distinguish this from quantitative meta-
analysis in the previous section. Meta-synthesis
may also be used to integrate the findings from
quantitative and qualitative studies. There are
many approaches to meta-synthesis and a review
of meta-synthesis methods for qualitative
research lists around 10 methods (Barnett-Page
& Thomas 2009). For nursing and midwifery,
some examples of differing approaches are:
meta-summary (Sandelowski & Barroso 2003);
meta-ethnography (McCormick et al. 2003); and
grounded formal theory, where findings are
designed to provide a more substantive and
informative position than findings from separate
qualitative studies (Thorne et al. 2004). There
continues to be disagreement about whether a
meta-synthesis is actually a form of systematic
review (Sandelowski & Barroso 2003) or not
(Fingeld 2003). In this approach, data are
converted to text for qualitative analysis and then
matrices or tables are used to compare studies
and create a new interpretation of the collective
data (Mays et al. 2005)
Integrative review
Nurses and midwives may already be familiar
with the process of reviewing literature when
developing policies and procedures or clinical
practice guidelines. An integrative review of
research takes this process a step further. An
integrative review summarises past research and
research in Brief
Zangaro and Soeken’s (2007) meta-analysis
examined the strength of the relationships
between job satisfaction and autonomy, job
stress, and nurse–doctor collaboration among
registered nurses working in staff positions. A
meta-analysis of 31 studies representing a
total of 14 567 subjects was performed. Job
satisfaction was most strongly correlated
with job stress, followed by nurse–doctor
collaboration and autonomy.
research in Brief
Nicholls and Webb (2006) conducted an
integrative review to answer their research
question ‘what makes a good midwife?’ A
four-stage systematic review process was used,
consisting of protocol development, carrying
out the search, appraisal/analysis of the papers
retrieved and synthesis of the information.
Thirty-three research-based papers were
included in the review that used a range of
approaches and methods. Eight key concepts
were derived from the data: attributes of a
midwife; education; research; what a midwife
does; care organisation; other professionals;
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