3
•
searching and reviewing the research literature
49
•
organising papers into themes, allowing
comparison and links between coherent studies
during the review (perhaps using summary
tables as a guiding and organisational tool)
•
critical reading, which requires several readings,
a certain level of knowledge across a broad
range of methodological approaches, and is
aided by the use of a set of criteria to evaluate
the studies.
Once this process has been gone through, the
research consumer should have moved from the
critical appraisal of individual studies (see
Chapter 15) to a collection or corpus of studies.
This collection now has to be organised into the
sum of all its parts. It is from that point that we
can start to see how the main findings are related
to the whole. The next section describes a
process for organising the collected literature to
aid this process.
Summary tables
For most styles of literature review, after an
initial review of papers, it may be useful to
construct some working summary tables to
provide key characteristics of individual studies
and how they relate or differ from each other.
For instance, Whitehead (2006), in his review
of clinical health promotion studies, uses the
headings authors and year of publication, title,
journal, identified health approach, country and
setting, research aim/statement, hypothesis/
question, method, sample and findings or
outcome. He does similar in his review of health
promotion related to nursing education
(Whitehead 2007). A table facilitates effective
critique of studies in sections or themes and
identifies questions and gaps in the literature.
Initially, column headers are selected to allow
analysis of the various papers under specific
themes (see Table 3.3). The development and
sophistication of the table then progresses as the
review of papers continues.
• preliminary reading of available abstracts,
which allows articles to be selected or discarded
from the original search results
• obtaining a full-text print or electronic copy of
all included articles to enable organisation for
priority critical reading and eventual sorting
into themes or categories
• an initial read/skim/scan of all papers that will
identify a set of core papers, others that are
useful and peripheral to your questions, and
perhaps some that are not as useful as first
thought, and which may be discarded from the
review
• describing the justification for discarding
studies based on clear rationale
TABLE 3.2
Characteristics of a written review of literature
LeveLs of
revieW
criteria
Description
• Sufficient number of sources are
identified, based on the clinical
question, related keywords and
appropriate range of publication
years
• Review mainly consists of primary
sources
• Summary of studies is presented
in a logical flow using themes or
categories
• Summary is succinct and
adequately represents the
reviewed literature/knowledge
base of a specific topic
• Summaries/paraphrasing of
material (direct quotes of content
used only for specific purposes
and referenced appropriately)
Analysis
• Critical review of study methods,
outcomes and applicability to
clinical practice
• Assessment of study quality,
using accepted review ‘criteria’
to analyse strengths, weaknesses
or limitations and conflicts or
gaps in information
Synthesis
• Linking studies together to form
a new whole
• Use of summary tables to
facilitate critique of articles in
sections or themes
point to ponder
A summary table allows summary information
to be noted for each study (description), and
enables identification of similarities and
differences between the studies (synthesis)
and limitations (analysis).
Schneider_1374_Chapter 3_main.indd 49
7/25/2012 6:10:38 PM
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NursiNg aNd Midwifery research 4e
50
Narrative review
A traditional narrative review was the original
type of literature review that is still common in
contemporary literature. That said, some nursing
journals now discourage the submission of such
reviews because of potential inherent bias.
Narrative reviews are ‘evidence-round ups’ on
specific healthcare topics. The topic is usually
broad and does not include a focused clinical
question or always a defined search strategy.
Analysis of the primary studies is classified as
‘narrative’ or ‘thematic’ — a narrative is purely
descriptive, while a thematic analysis produces
a basic synthesis of findings by identifying
important and recurring themes (Mays et al.
2005). Such reviews are useful for informing
readers about the context of topics but their
potential for being less systematic than other
reviews means that they most likely do not
provide any form of compelling evidence for
practice change alone. Authors may have
expert opinions (and biases) and find studies to
support their positions (selection bias). The
approaches of concept and discourse analysis are,
to some, ‘purer’ forms of narrative interpretive
inquiry. Whitehead’s (2011) discourse analysis of
health promotion in nursing examined a large
corpus of nursing-specific literature, from
1990–2009, using the ‘deconstructionism’
approach of the philosopher Jacques Derrida.
McIntyre et al.’s (2012) discourse analysis
describes the role of change in Australian
maternity care services.
styles for literature reviews
A variety of approaches for conducting a
literature review have recently emerged in
response to the proliferation of primary research
in nursing, midwifery and related health
disciplines. This variation has, however,
contributed to inconsistency and confusion in
methods and terminology. It is also sometimes
difficult to distinguish between the styles of
review as there may be overlap in the terms and
processes described. A good example is that of
the earlier-mentioned work of Wilkinson et al.
(2008) in the earlier section on PICO/T. It calls
itself a systematic review, but is far more in line
with a narrative review as described next in the
following section. Broadly speaking, the five
most common types of review used in nursing
and midwifery are
narrative
,
systematic
,
meta-
analysis
,
meta-synthesis
and
integrative
. Generally
speaking, reviews are valuable tools for evidence-
based practice conscious practitioners. Good
quality current reviews usually demonstrate that
the researchers have undertaken a systematic and
effective process to search and appraise the
available literature. These can then be a source of
‘pre-appraised’ clinical evidence as most of the
‘leg-work’ has already been done. O’leary and
Mhaolrunaigh (2012) found, in their study, that
sources of ‘pre-packaged’ information (such as
guidelines) were far more favoured over primary
research sources. Referring to and accessing the
‘organisations’ links in Box 3.1 provide evidence
of just how useful pre-packaged reviews are.
TABLE 3.3
Example of summary table column headers
author/date
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