NursiNg aNd Midwifery research 4e
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development of academic papers, presentations
and debates. Academic staff expect students to
include cited literature in support of their
rationale for each clinical practice or theory
activity. Novice students, at first, may just be
required to read and critique small numbers of
primary studies just to get a ‘feel’ for the
terminology and processes of research. Quite
often students, for assignments for example, are
asked to critically appraise a single research study
so that they can get an in-depth appreciation of
certain paradigms and methodologies (see
Chapter 2). Chapter 15 is devoted to this type
of critical review of single studies so it is not
covered in this chapter. However, especially in
terms of practice change, students are asked to
draw on much broader collections of literature.
This can be achieved by either searching
themselves or referring to the ‘pre-packed’
literature such as existing literature reviews or
systematic reviews, which is more the focus of
this chapter.
A student assignment might involve retrieving
and critically reviewing the primary sources listed
for a particular clinical practice guideline, to
determine the degree of support found for the
interventions outlined in the guidelines. An
effective literature review will reflect the
characteristics listed in Table 3.2. The
development of skills in writing a literature
review is experiential — more exposure to
literature and more practice in writing will
improve the quality and depth of a review. As
your experience grows, the style of review will
usually transform from a descriptive summary of
individual studies to a more integrated synthesis
and analysis of collections of studies.
characteristics of a critical review
A review usually includes a critical evaluation of
both primary and secondary literature related to
the clinical practice question or proposed study,
as well as a summary of the overall strengths or
weaknesses of the reviewed studies’ conflicts
and gaps in the literature. From a student
perspective, a critical review of the literature is
essential to acquiring knowledge for the
point to ponder
A literature review is central to developing and
implementing research consumer activities,
and is an essential element in implementing
research-based practice. A practice protocol
or nursing intervention implemented in a
healthcare setting should be based on a
‘critical’ review of the contemporary research
literature.
research in Brief
Bell (2009) states that the aim of their literature
review was to describe the current role of
research nurses in clinical trials and explore
the professional issues surrounding the role.
To provide greater clarification of the role in
New Zealand, the findings were examined
against the Nursing Council of New Zealand
(NCNZ) competency requirements for
registered nurses. In examining the
professional issues surrounding the role,
current barriers to adequate recognition of the
role were identified and potential strategies to
clarify the role and the position of research
nurses put forward.
Evidence-based practice tip
Comprehensive understanding of a study
requires multiple readings — read and re-read
selected studies, clarify unfamiliar terms or
processes and discuss or seek advice from
peers and colleagues.
steps in the review process
Once the relevant studies have been selected
from the literature search, a step-wise process
for reviewing the literature is recommended. It
includes:
Tutorial Trigger
The review of literature is usually
easy to find in a primary research
paper. Most frequently, it is one of
the early sections of the paper and is labelled
‘Review of Literature’ or ‘Background’ or some
other comparable term. Review any recent
primary research article and notice the way in
which the review of the literature is presented.
Summarise its main points and decide if you
think that it is an effective review or not.
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