NursiNg aNd Midwifery research 4e
38
however, have to consider potential limitations
of biases with secondary sources. For example,
reviews may not fully cover the existing
knowledge or purposely promote a particular
approach and opinion. The authors do not
always have to demonstrate a rigour/audit trail
associated with primary sources. It should be
noted, however, that there are certain exceptions
to this. In terms of ‘hierarchy of research
evidence’, systematic reviews and meta-analyses
(see later in this chapter) are secondary sources,
but rigorously applied and often considered ‘best’
evidence for practice development.
A number of resources now focus on facilitating
secondary research and resulting publications,
including systematic reviews, meta-analyses and
clinical practice guidelines designed to support
evidence-based practice (EBP) (see Box 3.1).
development of theory (see Chapter 2). Most
primary sources are found in the published
literature as refereed journal articles (see
‘Refereed journals’ later in this section). It is not
as common, but some original research can be
reported as a book or monograph. Academic
theses (both at the masterate and doctoral level)
are also a primary source.
A secondary source is commonly a summary
and critique of a range of primary studies on a
specific topic (e.g. a literature review, integrative
review or narrative review paper), a conceptual
paper (concept or discourse analysis), or an
in-depth analysis on an issue or problem. These
are discussed in more depth later in this chapter.
Four common reasons for using secondary
sources are:
1.
full-text primary sources are unavailable
— this may occur with early classic papers or
those written in publications with a limited
distribution
2.
a secondary source provides a different
interpretation of an issue or problem —
secondary sources help students develop the
ability to see things from another reader’s
point of view, which is an essential aspect of
critical reading
3.
when the body of knowledge is so extensive
that a comprehensive review provides the best
available knowledge, enabling clinicians to
make practice decisions without undertaking
their own full review of the research literature.
4.
when an issue or topic is well researched
within other disciplines but has not, as yet,
been applied to nursing or midwifery practice.
Secondary sources published in refereed journals
are frequently written by experienced nursing
and midwifery scholars and are often invited by
the editors of academic journals who recognise
the skills set of certain researchers and authors.
Another common form of secondary sources are
‘general topic’ nursing and midwifery texts. The
advantages of secondary sources are that they
review the state of the science and form an
important component in the application of
knowledge to practice. These sources often
provide a critical evaluation of, or a response to,
a theory or research study. In turn, they may
include implications for practice and/or
contributions of the work to the development of
the science of nursing. Research consumers do,
Evidence-based practice tip
Publishers now produce a range of texts as
e-books on the internet for organisational
subscribers such as universities and health
departments (e.g.
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