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539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Nouns and determiners | 339
●
Liquids, gases and solids:
✪
Other languages divide masses and entities differently from English. For
example, in some languages hair, spaghetti, spinach and money are treated as
plural units rather than a singular mass.
The following examples of singular non-count nouns are count nouns in
many other languages:
* may occur as count nouns in non-British varieties of English
Where have you left your luggage?
(Where have you left your luggages?)
There is not much information about the college.
(There are not many informations about the college.)
accommodation*
advice
applause
assistance
baggage
camping
cash
chaos
clothing
cutlery
equipment
evidence
furniture
hair
harm
health
homework
housework
housing
information
knowledge
leisure
luck
luggage
money
music
news
progress
publicity
research*
rubbish
safety
shopping
spaghetti
spinach
traffic
transport
travel
underwear
violence
weather
work
adhesive
air
cement
cloth
concrete
cotton
deodorant
dye
fabric
fog
fuel
fur
gravel
lotion
medicine
metal
ointment
paint
petrol
plastic
sand
smoke
soap
soil
toothpaste
wool
340 | Nouns and determiners
Cambridge Grammar of English
How is your knowledge of the British jail system?
(How are your knowledges of the British jail system?)
Your hair looks nice.
(Your hairs look nice.)
Non-count nouns ending in -s
178c
Some non-count nouns end in - s but are grammatically singular. They include
names of some school/university subjects, physical activities, diseases, and
games:
Non-count nouns which end in -s
school/university
physical activities
diseases
games
subjects
civics
athletics
shingles
bowls
classics
aerobics
measles
billiards
economics
callisthenics
mumps
darts
ergonomics
gymnastics
dominoes
ethics
draughts
linguistics
skittles
maths/mathematics
mechanics
physics
politics
pragmatics
Another very common word that is singular but ends in -s is news
Aerobics is really popular these days, particularly with older people.
Shingles lays you low for anything up to six months, doesn’t it?
Bowls is played by many younger people these days.
This news is not so good.
(These news are not so good.)
Exceptionally, plural verbs may occur with such nouns when the noun phrase has
a more specific reference:
David’s politics keep getting him into trouble.
(political views)
They’ve been running the country for two years now but their economics are
all wrong.
(economic beliefs/policies)
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539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Nouns and determiners | 341
Plural non-count nouns
178d
The following commonly occurring non-count nouns are always grammatically
plural:
I understand congratulations are due on the new job, by the way.
The outskirts of the city are rather drab and uninteresting.
The proceeds of the concert are all going to charity.
Some nouns with plural forms have different meanings. For example:
pictures = cinema (now becoming outdated)
pictures = plural of picture
premises = a building or buildings
premises = plural of premise (meaning ‘ideas or theory on which an argument
is based’)
Some plural non-count nouns refer to things perceived as having two parts,
e.g. trousers have two legs (‘bipartite’ items):
A: Where are my jeans?
B: They’re in the wash.
Bipartite nouns include garments with two legs worn around the waist (e.g. jeans),
instruments worn over both eyes or both ears related to sight and hearing
(e.g. headphones) and tools consisting of two similar parts on a pivot (e.g. scissors):
Bipartite nouns
instruments
garments
tools
binoculars
briefs
pincers
glasses
jeans
pliers
goggles
jodhpurs
scissors
headphones
knickers
shears
spectacles
overalls
tongs
pants
tweezers
pyjamas
shorts
trousers
underpants
belongings
congratulations
dregs
earnings
goods
likes
mains
outskirts
particulars
pictures (cinema)
premises (buildings)
proceedings
proceeds
remains
riches
savings (money)
stairs
surroundings
thanks
342 | Nouns and determiners
Cambridge Grammar of English
This group of nouns is productive in that new nouns (including the names of
manufacturers) which fit into these categories generally take on the same
syntactic features. Recent examples include:
combats, chinos, Levis (types of trousers)
boxers (underwear shorts)
shades, Ray-bans (types of sunglasses)
In order to refer to more than one example of this type of noun, the partitive
expression a pair of/pairs of is commonly used:
He needs a new pair of glasses, I think.
(or: He needs new glasses, I think.)
We bought a small pair of binoculars.
(or: We bought some small binoculars.)
I’m going to take about four pairs of trousers.
(I’m going to take about four trousers.)
In some cases it is difficult to tell whether a singular or plural reference is made:
I didn’t buy much but I did buy some trousers.
(one pair or several could be indicated)
PARTITIVE EXPRESSIONS (A BIT OF, A PAIR OF)
179
Sometimes it is necessary to be able to count the things denoted by singular and
plural non-count nouns, and especially to count concrete things. Partitive
expressions allow this. Examples of partitive expressions are: bit of, item of, pair
of, piece of. Of these, the most neutral and widely used expressions involve bit,
piece and item:
I gave her two bits of advice.
Some items of furniture were destroyed.
Would you like this piece of cheese?
Partitive expressions collocate strongly with particular non-count nouns:
a loaf of bread
two slices of bread/cake/cheese/chicken breast
a bar of chocolate/soap
a bit of fun
a piece of furniture
a stroke of luck
a spell of bad weather
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539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Nouns and determiners | 343
Examples of informal everyday partitive expressions commonly occurring with
non-count nouns, both concrete and abstract, are:
There are two piles of dirty washing over there. Whose are they?
He always adds a nice touch of humour to the commentary.
They say we might just get a spot of rain in the late afternoon.
We had a spell of very mild weather in January.
Shall I get six slices of cheese, or is that not enough?
Partitive expressions commonly refer to the shape, size, movement or the amount
of something:
There’s a whole stream of people queuing outside the post office.
He gave us a torrent of abuse.
At the end of the evening several jets of coloured water and light were sent
flying up into the sky.
One massive final gust of wind blew the tree over on its side.
Some partitive expressions with -ful refer to containers or spaces which
commonly hold the item referred to. These include bowlful of, cupful of, fistful of,
handful of, mouthful of, spoonful of:
He gave me a fistful of cash. I don’t know how much it was all together.
I always add a spoonful of salt to the pasta water.
The plural of such expressions is usually formed by adding -s after -ful:
Just put three teaspoonfuls of olive oil and one of vinegar and you have a
perfect salad dressing.
Partitive expressions are often used metaphorically to describe more abstract
quantities:
They had a slice of luck when the coach went off the road but didn’t hit
anything.
One had to add a dash of realism and a great big dollop of gratitude to a
situation like this.
Only a handful of people turned up at the concert. It was very disappointing.
A–Z
55 Of
bit of
chunk of
dash of
drop of
lump of
mass of
sheet of
pile of
portion of
slice of
sliver of
spell of
spot of
touch of
trace of
344 | Nouns and determiners
Cambridge Grammar of English
NON-COUNT NOUNS USED COUNTABLY
180
Masses and units
A number of singular non-count nouns can refer both to masses and to units.
These nouns can be used with the indefinite article or in the plural when they refer
to a particular unit or to units of something, or to different types and qualities of
something.
Nouns in this class include those referring to food and drink and other
materials and substances. The class also includes some abstract nouns such as
difficulty, experience, failure, injustice, success. They are often referred to as
‘dual class’ nouns, because of their ability to operate in two different ways:
Do you drink tea?
(general, non-count use)
Three teas and a coffee please.
(particular instance(s): a cup/cups of tea/coffee)
‘Dazzle’ is an excellent washing powder.
(a particular type or quality)
Do you want some cake?
(general, non-count use; a piece of a big cake)
Do you want a cake with your coffee?
(an individual item)
These cakes are delicious.
(a number of individual items)
[describing puffins, a type of sea-bird]
Since they find difficulty in taking off from flat ground, they tend to colonise
the steeper slopes first.
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