Cambridge Grammar of English Hardback with cd-rom a comprehensive Guide

Titles and sub-titles

A title and sub-title are often separated by a colon. This usually indicates that the

sub-title is an explanation or paraphrase of the title:

[title of an article in an academic book]

Focus on the language learner

: motivation, styles and strategies

[title of a chapter sub-section in an academic book]

Dark matter

: weight without light

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539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms

Grammar and academic English | 293

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Bibliographies and lists of references

154c

Conventions exist for the ways in which bibliographies and lists of references are

laid out in academic books, papers and essays. These sometimes depend on

individual publishers or conventions adopted by colleges and universities, but

some are widely used internationally, for example the APA (American

Psychological Association) system, which lays out bibliographical references in

the following ways (note the use of commas, full stops, colons, italics and

brackets). The examples given here are APA style; other systems (e.g. Harvard,

MLA) may be quite different.