C# 0 The Complete Reference

X

X

X property, 852

XML, 545, 546

XML comment, 867

tags, table of, 868

XML file containing, 869–870

XOR (exclusive OR) operator (^)

bitwise, 73, 77–78

logical, 67, 68

Xor( ),  772

Y

Y

Y property, 852

yield

break statement, 815

contextual keyword, 33, 814

return statement, 814

statements, multiple, 815–816

Z

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Zero field, 635

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Document Outline

• Contents
• ">Special Thanks
• ">Preface
• ">Part I: The C# Language
  • ">1 The Creation of C#
    • ">C#’s Family Tree
    • ">How C# Relates to the .NET Framework
    • ">How the Common Language Runtime Works
    • ">Managed vs. Unmanaged Code
  • ">2 An Overview of C#
    • ">Object-Oriented Programming
    • ">A First Simple Program
    • ">Handling Syntax Errors
    • ">A Small Variation
    • ">A Second Simple Program
    • ">Another Data Type
    • ">Two Control Statements
    • ">Using Code Blocks
    • ">Semicolons, Positioning, and Indentation
    • ">The C# Keywords
    • ">Identifiers
    • ">The .NET Framework Class Library
  • ">3 Data Types, Literals, and Variables
    • ">Why Data Types Are Important
    • ">C#’s Value Types
    • ">Integers
    • ">Floating-Point Types
    • ">The decimal Type
    • ">Characters
    • ">The bool Type
    • ">Some Output Options
    • ">Literals
    • ">A Closer Look at Variables
    • ">The Scope and Lifetime of Variables
    • ">Type Conversion and Casting
    • ">Type Conversion in Expressions
  • ">4 Operators
    • ">Arithmetic Operators
    • ">Relational and Logical Operators
    • ">The Assignment Operator
    • *">The Bitwise Operators
    • *">The ? Operator
    • *">Spacing and Parentheses
    • *">Operator Precedence
  • *">5 Program Control Statements
    • *">The if Statement
    • *">The switch Statement
    • *">The for Loop
    • *">The while Loop
    • *">The do-while Loop
    • *">The foreach Loop
    • *">Using break to Exit a Loop
    • *">Using continue
    • *">The goto
  • *">6 Introducing Classes and Objects
    • *">Class Fundamentals
    • *">How Objects Are Created
    • *">Reference Variables and Assignment
    • *">Methods
    • *">Constructors
    • *">The new Operator Revisited
    • *">Garbage Collection and Destructors
    • *">The this Keyword
  • *">7 Arrays and Strings
    • *">Arrays
    • *">Multidimensional Arrays
    • *">Jagged Arrays
    • *">Assigning Array References
    • *">Using the Length Property
    • *">Implicitly Typed Arrays
    • *">The foreach Loop
    • *">Strings
  • *">8 A Closer Look at Methods and Classes
    • *">Controlling Access to Class Members
    • *">Pass References to Methods
    • *">Use ref and out Parameters
    • *">Use a Variable Number of Arguments
    • *">Return Objects
    • *">Method Overloading
    • *">Overload Constructors
    • *">Object Initializers
    • *">The Main( ) Method
    • *">Recursion
    • *">Understanding static
    • *">Static Classes
  • *">9 Operator Overloading
    • *">Operator Overloading Fundamentals
    • *">Handling Operations on C# Built-in Types
    • *">Overloading the Relational Operators
    • *">Overloading true and false
    • *">Overloading the Logical Operators
    • *">Conversion Operators
    • *">Operator Overloading Tips and Restrictions
    • *">Another Example of Operator Overloading
  • *">10 Indexers and Properties
    • *">Indexers
    • *">Properties
    • *">Use Access Modifiers with Accessors
    • *">Using Indexers and Properties
  • *">11 Inheritance
    • *">Inheritance Basics
    • *">Member Access and Inheritance
    • *">Constructors and Inheritance
    • *">Inheritance and Name Hiding
    • *">Creating a Multilevel Hierarchy
    • *">When Are Constructors Called?
    • *">Base Class References and Derived Objects
    • *">Virtual Methods and Overriding
    • *">Using Abstract Classes
    • *">Using sealed to Prevent Inheritance
    • *">The object Class
  • *">12 Interfaces, Structures, and Enumerations
    • *">Interfaces
    • *">Using Interface References
    • *">Interface Properties
    • *">Interface Indexers
    • *">Interfaces Can Be Inherited
    • *">Name Hiding with Interface Inheritance
    • *">Explicit Implementations
    • *">Choosing Between an Interface and an Abstract Class
    • *">The .NET Standard Interfaces
    • *">Structures
    • *">Enumerations
  • *">13 Exception Handling
    • *">The System.Exception Class
    • *">Exception Handling Fundamentals
    • *">The Consequences of an Uncaught Exception
    • *">Exceptions Let You Handle Errors Gracefully
    • *">Using Multiple catch Clauses
    • *">Catching All Exceptions
    • *">Nesting try Blocks
    • *">Throwing an Exception
    • *">Using finally
    • *">A Closer Look at the Exception Class
    • *">Deriving Exception Classes
    • *">Catching Derived Class Exceptions
    • *">Using checked and unchecked
  • *">14 Using I/O
    • *">C#’s I/O Is Built Upon Streams
    • *">The Stream Classes
    • *">Console I/O
    • *">FileStream and Byte-Oriented File I/O
    • *">Character-Based File I/O
    • *">Redirecting the Standard Streams
    • *">Reading and Writing Binary Data
    • *">Random Access Files
    • *">Using MemoryStream
    • *">Using StringReader and StringWriter
    • *">Converting Numeric Strings to Their Internal Representation
  • *">15 Delegates, Events, and Lambda Expressions
    • *">Delegates
    • *">Anonymous Functions
    • *">Anonymous Methods
    • *">Lambda Expressions
    • *">Events
    • *">Use Anonymous Methods and Lambda Expressions with Events
    • *">.NET Event Guidelines
    • *">Applying Events: A Case Study
  • *">16 Namespaces, the Preprocessor, and Assemblies
    • *">Namespaces
    • *">The Preprocessor
    • *">Assemblies and the internal Access Modifier
  • *">17 Runtime Type ID, Reflection, and Attributes
    • *">Runtime Type Identification
    • *">Reflection
    • *">Using Reflection
    • *">Attributes
    • *">Three Built-in Attributes
  • *">18 Generics
    • *">What Are Generics?
    • *">A Simple Generics Example
    • *">A Generic Class with Two Type Parameters
    • *">The General Form of a Generic Class
    • *">Constrained Types
    • *">Creating a Default Value of a Type Parameter
    • *">Generic Structures
    • *">Creating a Generic Method
    • *">Generic Delegates
    • *">Generic Interfaces
    • *">Comparing Instances of a Type Parameter
    • *">Generic Class Hierarchies
    • *">Overriding Virtual Methods in a Generic Class
    • *">Overloading Methods That Use Type Parameters
    • *">How Generic Types Are Instantiated
    • *">Some Generic Restrictions
    • *">Final Thoughts on Generics
  • *">19 LINQ
    • *">What Is LINQ?
    • *">LINQ Fundamentals
    • *">Filter Values with where
    • *">Sort Results with orderby
    • *">A Closer Look at select
    • *">Use Nested from Clauses
    • *">Group Results with group
    • *">Use into to Create a Continuation
    • *">Use let to Create a Variable in a Query
    • *">Join Two Sequences with join
    • *">Anonymous Types
    • *">Create a Group Join
    • *">The Query Methods
    • *">Deferred vs. Immediate Query Execution
    • *">Expression Trees
    • *">Extension Methods
  • *">20 Unsafe Code, Pointers, Nullable Types, and Miscellaneous Topics
    • *">Unsafe Code
    • *">Nullable Types
    • *">Partial Types
    • *">Partial Methods
    • *">Friend Assemblies
    • *">Miscellaneous Keywords
• *">Part II: Exploring the C# Library
  • *">21 Exploring the System Namespace
    • *">The Members of System
    • *">The Math Class
    • *">The .NET Structures Corresponding to the Built-in Value Types
    • *">The Array Class
    • *">BitConverter
    • *">Generating Random Numbers with Random
    • *">Memory Management and the GC Class
    • *">Object
    • *">The IComparable and IComparable Interfaces
    • *">The IEquatable Interface
    • *">The IConvertible Interface
    • *">The ICloneable Interface
    • *">IFormatProvider and IFormattable
  • *">22 Strings and Formatting
    • *">Strings in C#
    • *">The String Class
    • *">Formatting
    • *">Using String.Format( ) and ToString( ) to Format Data
    • *">Creating a Custom Numeric Format
    • *">Formatting Date and Time
    • *">Formatting Enumerations
  • *">23 Multithreaded Programming
    • *">Multithreading Fundamentals
    • *">The Thread Class
    • *">Determining When a Thread Ends
    • *">Passing an Argument to a Thread
    • *">The IsBackground Property
    • *">Thread Priorities
    • *">Synchronization
    • *">Thread Communication Using Wait( ), Pulse( ), and PulseAll( )
    • *">Deadlock and Race Conditions
    • *">Using MethodImplAttribute
    • *">Using a Mutex and a Semaphore
    • *">Using Events
    • *">The Interlocked Class
    • *">Terminating a Thread
    • *">Suspending and Resuming a Thread
    • *">Determining a Thread’s State
    • *">Using the Main Thread
    • *">Multithreading Tips
    • *">Starting a Separate Task
  • *">24 Collections, Enumerators, and Iterators
    • *">Collections Overview
    • *">The Non-Generic Collections
    • *">Storing Bits with BitArray
    • *">The Specialized Collections
    • *">The Generic Collections
    • *">Storing User-Defined Classes in Collections
    • *">Implementing IComparable
    • *">Using an IComparer
    • *">Accessing a Collection via an Enumerator
    • *">Implementing IEnumerable and IEnumerator
    • *">Using Iterators
    • *">Collection Initializers
  • *">25 Networking Through the Internet Using System.Net
    • *">The System.Net Members
    • *">Uniform Resource Identifiers
    • *">Internet Access Fundamentals
    • *">Handling Network Errors
    • *">The Uri Class
    • *">Accessing Additional HTTP Response Information
    • *">MiniCrawler: A Case Study
    • *">Using WebClient
  • *">26 Use System.Windows.Forms to Create Form-Based Windows Applications
    • *">A Brief History of Windows Programming
    • *">Two Ways to Write a Form-Based Windows Application
    • *">How Windows Interacts with the User
    • *">Windows Forms
    • *">A Skeletal Form-Based Windows Program
    • *">Adding a Button
    • *">Handling Messages
    • *">Using a Message Box
    • *">Adding a Menu
• *">A: Documentation Comment Quick Reference
  • *">The XML Comment Tags
  • *">Compiling Documentation Comments
  • *">An XML Documentation Example
• *">Index
  • *">A
  • *">B
  • *">C
  • *">D
  • *">E
  • *">F
  • *">G
  • *">H
  • *">I
  • *">J
  • *">K
  • *">L
  • *">M
  • *">N
  • *">O
  • *">P
  • *">Q
  • *">R
  • *">S
  • *">T
  • *">U
  • *">V
  • *">W
  • *">X
  • *">Y
  • *">Z