Brief contents of the course

Glossary of Linguistic Terms

1. 
   indicative - изъявительное
   
2. 
   imperative - повелительное
   
3. 
   subjunctive - сослагательное
   
4. 
   conditional clause – условное придаточное
   
5. 
   concessive clause – уступительное придаточное
   
6. 
   homonymous – омонимичный, совпадающий по форме
   
7. 
   formulaic – шаблонный
   

additional reading

1. 
   стр. 99 – 113
   
2. 
   стр. 68 – 74
   
3. 
   –
   
4. 
   стр. 201 – 219
   
5. 
   стр. 170-215
   

XVII. Verb. The categories of tense, aspect and time correlation.

Tense is the grammatical expression of verbal time. It is affected in two stages. The first is the opposition of the past tense to the present tense. The marked member of the opposition is the past form. At the second stage the forms of the future tense are opposed to the forms of no future marking.
Jill returns form her driving class at 5 o’clock. – At five Jill returned from her driving class. I know that Jill will return from her driving class at 5 o’clock. – I knew that at five Jill would return from her driving class.
The tense system is marked by the do-forms in the simple aspect in the past and present.
The prospective time category (future-non-future) is neutralized in certain uses: the use of “going to” with the future meaning, expressing future action which takes place according to some plan or arrangement, and some others: The government meets in emergency session today over the matter of continued violations of the cease-fire.
If things turn out as has been arranged, the triumph will be all ours.
I repeated my request to notify me at once whenever the messenger arrived.
The category of tense is closely connected with the category of aspect. The aspective meaning of the verb, as different from its temporal meaning, reflects the inherent mode of the realization of the process irrespective of its timing. This is true about the opposition of continuous-non-continuous forms, as they reflect the character of the process, irrespective of its timing.
The plane touched the ground. – The plane was touching the ground when we arrived at the airport.
Together with the tense, aspect makes a form, characteristic of usage of every verb – the aspect-tense form. Present simple means the regular action and has a synthetic form – the opposition of the third person singular against all the rest, and an analytical form – do + inf – in negative sentences, questions and stylistically marked positive sentences “He does know the truth!” Present continuous denotes actions done at the moment of speech, around this moment, temporary actions and states, future actions, arranged with other people. Transpositionally can be used with “always” in the meaning of the action that happens more often than necessary.