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The human brain can get hooked on exercise 
in a way that resembles a drug addiction – 
but with much more positive outcomes.
When researchers first started studying the 
phenomenon of “exercise dependence” in the 
late 1960s, they ran into a big problem. No 
matter how much money they offered, they 
couldn’t find any regular exercisers willing to see 
what would happen if they stopped exercising for 
a while. And if they did sign up, participants 
tended to cheat and lie, pretending they hadn’t 
worked out when they had.
This anecdote illustrates that the “persistence 
high” people get from endurance sports isn’t the 
only way exercise can be likened to drugs. 
Because it activates our brain’s reward system 
in similar ways to substances like cocaine and 
heroin – stimulating the release of feel-good 
chemicals like endocannabinoids, dopamine, 
endorphins, and noradrenaline – regular 
physical activity can be just as addictive as 
those substances. 
For self-described exercise junkies, for example, 
missing a single workout can increase anxiety 
and irritability. And after several missed 
workouts, many of them report signs of 
depression and insomnia. They also show the 
same attentional bias as other addicts: when 
shown images of people working out, the brain 
of an exercise junky fires up in the same way as 
when you show cigarettes to a smoker. 
However, there are some important ways in 
which exercise dependence differs from other 
habit-forming addictions. First of all, it takes our 
brain longer to get hooked on exercise than on 
drugs, because the chemical changes that 
physical activity effect in our brain are less 
intense and happen more slowly.
For example, mice who are made to exercise 
each day for two weeks do not show symptoms 
of exercise addiction afterwards. But after six 
weeks, something in their brain seems to flip, 
and even with no one forcing or rewarding them, 
they can hardly stop running. Similar studies on 
humans show that we tend to get hooked on 
exercise after exercising four times a week for 
six weeks. 
As with other drugs, regularly getting “high” on 
physical activity slowly changes the chemical 
structure of your brain. But the great thing is that 
instead of making you less sensitive to its 
positive effects, as happens with chemical 
drugs, regular exercise makes you more 
sensitive to them. This happens because 
exercise 
increases 
the 
receptors 
for 
endocannabinoids in your brain and makes 
dopamine cells more responsive. This is why, in 
stark contrast to drugs, the more exercise you 
do, the better you feel about it.