Branches of linguistics. Synchronic vs diachronic approaches to the language study. Lexicology – ‘the science of the word’

Features of Latin loans:
-polysyllabic words with prefixes: commission, induction, accelerate;
-prefixes with final consonants: ad-, ab-, com-, dis-, ex-, in-, ob-: admix, abnormal, compare, disclose, inattention;
-reduplicated consonants: abbreviation, occasion, illumination, immobility, difference, opportunity, resurrection, assimilation;
-suffixes –ate, -ute in verbs: locate, irritate, abbreviate, execute;
8. Celtic elements (5-6 c. AD) in the English vocabulary.
-place-names: Kent ‘coastal district’ or ‘land of the hosts or armies’, London ‘hill surrounded with water’, Carlisle (caer ‘fortified place’), Dover ‘water’, York ‘Yew-Tree Estate’ (тисове дерево) etc.;
-river-names: Thames ‘the dark one’, Avon ‘river’ etc.;
-elements: -comb ‘deep valley’ as in Batcombe, -torr ‘high rock’ as in Torcross, -llan ‘church’ as in Llandaff;
-hybrids:
Celtic + Latin: Manchester, Glouchester, Lancaster etc.;
Celtic + Germanic: Yorkshire, Canterbury ‘the fortified town of Kentish people’, Salisbury, Cornwall ‘peninsula people’, in O.E. the name Wealhas (Mod.E. Wales, Welsh) was a common noun meaning ‘strangers’ given by the newcomers to the unfamiliar Celtic tribes.
-common nouns survived in regional dialects:
bard (Gael.& Ir.) ‘poet, minstrel’, loch (Gael.& Ir.) ‘lake’, plaid (Gael.) ‘blanket’, corgi (Welsh cor ‘dwarf’ + gi/ci ‘dog’), whiskey ‘water of life’, dunn ‘grey’, cross;
-via Romanic languages:
car < Norm.Fr. carre < L. carrum, carrus, orig. ‘two-wheeled Celtic war chariot’ < Gaulish *karros;
9. Scandinavian loan-words(8-11 c.AD) in Modern English.
-Total number – appr. 900 words; about 700 belong to Stand. E.
-Features:
/k/ and /g/ before e and i, e.g. give, kid, get, gift;
/sk/ in the initial position, e.g. sky, skill, score, skin, skirt;
-nouns: anger, bag, band, bank, bull, calf, cake, dirt, egg, fellow, fog, knife, leg, loan, law, neck, root, ransack, sister, wing, window;
-adjectives: awkward, flat, happy, ill, low, loose, odd, rotten, scant, sly, silver, tight, ugly, wrong;
-verbs: cast, call, clip, die, gasp, get, give, guess, raise, seem, scare, scowl, seem, smile, take, thrive, want;
-pronouns: they, their, them, themselves, though, both, same.
-Legal terms (together with military terms reflecting the relations during the Danish raids and Danish rule represent the earliest loan-words):husband – originally ‘a house holder’, one who owns a house; fellow – originally ‘one who lays down a fee, as a partner or shareholder’;
-Place-names:
-thorp ‘village’ as in Althorp;
-by ‘farm / town’ as in Derby, Rugby;
-toft ‘piece of land’ as in Sandtoft;
-ness ‘cape’ as in Inverness, Loch Ness;
-Forming elements:
are (pr. tense pl. to be), -s (pr. tense, 3rd p. sg)
10. French elements in the English vocabulary. Features of French borrowings. Periods of borrowings from French.
-Norman French (XI- XIII c.) – a northern dialect of French: calange, warrant, warden, reward, prisun, gaol
-Parisian French (XIII-XVI c.) – the prestige dialect:
challenge, guarantee, guardian, regard, prison, jail