Brain Rules (Updated and Expanded)

Fantastic Voyage
(Kleiner), 
89
Fast consolidation, 
151–152
Fatal Familial Insomnia, 
40
Females. 
See
Gender
; 
Women
Fight or flight response, 
62
Filling in, 
187
Fine-grained discrimination, 
212
Fine motor control, sleep loss and, 
49
Fischer, Edmond, 
252
Flexible schedules, 
100
Fluid intelligence
depression and, 
67
stress and, 
74
Focused attention, measurements of, 
219
Fogassi, Leonardo, 
251
Forgetfulness, 
67
, 
155–156
. 
See also
 
Amnesia
in declarative memory, 
128
, 
159
memory and, 
155–156
stress and, 
180
types of, 
156
Free radicals, 
29
Frontal cortex, gender and, 
229
Frontal lobe, 
10
Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 
150
, 
170
G
Gage, Phineas, 
10
Gammel,
 
60
Gardner, Howard, 
96
Gazing behavior, 
190
, 
196
, 
247
Gender, 
225–241
. 
See also
 
Men
; 
Women
acute stress and, 
232
, 
241
alcoholics and, 
231
amygdala and, 
241
battle of the sexes and, 
230
becoming male or female, 
226–229
behaviors specific to, 
230–233
bias and, 
225–226

---

Brain Rule in, 
223
brain structure and, 
229–230
, 
240
cementing relationships and, 
234–235
in classroom, 
238–239
dealing with traumatic situations, 
233
defined, 
226
DNA and, 
226
drug use and, 
231
emotions and stress and, 
232–233
, 
237
glass ceiling and, 
240
mental disorders and, 
231
nature or nurture debate and, 
237
negotiating status and, 
235–236
same-sex classrooms and, 
238–239
schizophrenia and, 
231
serotonin and, 
241
sex versus, 
226
verbal communication and, 
233–236
workplace teams and, 
239–240
Genes, 
89
behavior and, 
3
purpose of, 
229
SRY, 
227
Genentech, 
256
Genetic mutations, 
10
Giffords, Gabrielle, 
219
Glass ceiling, 
240
Glucocorticoids, 
66
Glucose, 
28
, 
35
brain’s need for, 
29
Gmail, 
256
Goods, improving access to, 
30
Google News, 
256
Gottman, John, 
75–77
, 
78
, 
79
Gould, Stephen Jay, 
233
Grades, effects of stress on, 
70
, 
71
Griffey, Ken, Jr., 
85–86
Gross motor movements, sleep loss and, 
49
Guns, Germs, and Steel
 (Diamond), 
107–108
H
Hackathons, 
256
Hallucinations, 
39
, 
172
, 
187–190
, 
194
auditory, 
40
Harrison, George, 
203
“Have You Heard,” 
211
Hayden, Steve, 
113

---

Healthy insomnia, 
48
Hearing, influence of vision on, 
179
Heart as “vital flame of life,” 
165
Heavy Media Multitaskers, 
116
Hemisphere, verbal communication and, 
233
Henry VIII, King of England, 
227
Hippocampus, 
11
, 
31
, 
89
brain imaging and, 
175
memory and, 
152
, 
153
, 
154
stress and, 
62
, 
65
, 
66
, 
67
, 
81
Hippocrates, 
218
Holmes, Sherlock, style of retrieval, 
147–148
Home, stress in, 
70–73
Homeostatic sleep drive, 
42
, 
43
Homework, 
3
need for, 
157
Homo erectus,
 
20
Homo sapiens,
8
, 
20
Hormones, stress, 
66–67
Horowitz, Seth, 
203
How People Learn
 (Bransford), 
115
How the Mind Works
(Pinker), 
204
Human genome, sequencing of, 
228–229
Hummingbirds, 
45
, 
53
Humor, sense of, 
20
Hunger, as drive, 
247
Hurdy-Gurdy Har,
 
215
Hypothesis testing, exploration and, 
247
I
IBM, 
114
Identical twins, brain wiring in, 
94–95
“I’ll Be Home for Christmas,” 
202
Imitation, 
251
newborns in, 
247–248
Immediate memory, impact of sleep loss on, 
48
Immune response, stress and, 
64–65
Immune system, stress and, 
72–73
Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ), 
214
Infants. 
See also
Children
acquisition of information by, 
246
brains in, 
92
cognitive abilities of, 
76
effects of music on premature, 
220
hypothesis testing by, 
247
music lessons for, 
214–215
object analysis by, 
248–249

---

object permanence and, 
249
reaction to new information, 
250–251
revelation of brain secrets by, 
251–252
testing of new information by, 
246–251
tongue testing and, 
247–248
use of visual cues by, 
193–194
Information
auditory, 
142
deconstruction of, 
190
encoding of, 
106
exploration in acquisition of, 
246
meaning of, 
139
oral, 
192
pictorial, 
192
, 
196–197
processing of newly acquired, 
250–251
sensory, 
154
, 
156
, 
167
testing of new, by infants, 
246–251
transfer of, 
193
types of, 
192
visual, 
142
, 
190
Information purification, 
113
Infrared eye-tracking technology, testing of effect of pictures on attention, 
196–197
Inhibition, 
90–91
Insel, Thomas, 
231
Insomnia
Fatal Familial, 
40
healthy, 
48
Inspiration, sleep and, 
49–50
Intellectual dexterity, 
74
Intellectual variability, 
98
Intelligence, 
96
Interest, attention and, 
108
International Federation of Competitive Eating, 
27
Interpersonal intelligence, 
96
Interpretative activity as top-down processing, 
169
Intervals, spaced, 
149
Intrapersonal intelligence, 
96
Intrinsic alertness, 
111
Introductions, compelling, 
140–141
iPods in music therapy, 
201–202
IQ
music training and, 
206
size of, 
1
IQ tests, 
96
, 
99
, 
101
J
Jeopardy!,
 
114

---

Job performance, 
75
, 
158
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, need for nap, 
45–46
Jordan, Michael, athletic failures of, 
85
, 
100
Jumping Jack, 
20
K
Kandel, Eric, 
86–87
, 
136
Khan Academy, 
100
Kim, Jeansok, 
61
, 
80
King, Larry, 
20
Kleiner, Harry, 
89
Kleitman, Nathaniel, 
41–42
, 
43
, 
44
Knowledge, desire for, 
252–256
Kobayashi, Takeru “Tsunami,” 
28
Kraus, Nina, 
208
Krebs, Edwin, 
252
L
LaLanne, Jack, 
19–20
, 
21
Landers, Ann, 
44
Language
acquisition of, 
76
mapping of brain and processing of, 
97
music training in boosting skills in, 
208–209
Larks, 
44
, 
53
Late chronotypes, 
44–45
Learned helplessness, 
59–61
, 
62
predictability in, 
62
stress and, 
68
Learning. 
See also
Education
; 
Schools
attention and, 
106
capacity for, in children, 
12–13
class size and, 
99
context-dependent, 
137
, 
178
customized classrooms and, 
100
effect of vision on, 
191
encoding and, 
131
, 
175
gaps in, 
100
importance of vision in, 
191–193
meaningful, 
138
, 
139
multiple intelligences and, 
96
in multisensory environment in enhancing, 
171–173
need for homework and, 
157
performance gap in, 
238
real-world examples in, 
139–140
same-sex classrooms and, 
238–239
sensory integration in, 
164
, 
175–176
, 
178

---

sleep and, 
49–50
smell in boosting, 
173–174
state-dependent, 
137
stress and, 
60
, 
65–66
, 
67
, 
70–73
in wiring of brain, 
86–87
Learning models
discovery-based, 
257
problem-based, 
257
“Left brain” people, 
4
, 
232
Left hemisphere, 
109
Levitin, Dan, 
217–218
Library model of retrieval, 
146–147
Life-threatening events, 
78
Light Media Multitaskers, 
116
Limbic system, 
229
Limitation assessments, 
214–215
LinkedIn, 
256
Listening skills of musicians, 
207–208
Lizard brain, 
11
, 
15
Logical/mathematical intelligence, 
96
Logical reasoning, sleep loss and, 
49
, 
55
Long-term memories, 
130
, 
144–146
, 
159
conversion of short-term memory into, 
11
, 
143–144
Long-term potentiation (LTP), 
151
early, 
152
Lungs, 
165
Luther, Martin, 
230
M
Macadamization, 
30
Maintaining attention, 
10
Maintenance rehearsal, 
148
Malacarne, Vincenzo, 
87
Males. 
See
 
Gender
; 
Men
Mammalian brain, 
11
Mapping, brain, 
95–96
Marital conflict, unresolved, and stress, 
71
Marital stress, effect on academic performance, 
72
Marriage intervention, 
75–77
Mathematics
Donald Duck and, 
195–196
gender and, 
238
impact of sleep loss on knowledge in, 
49
repetition and, 
157–158
sleep and skills in, 
50
Maugham, W. Somerset, 
167
, 
168
Mayer, Richard, 
171
, 
175

---

Maze-pattern sequence, 
51
McAdam, John Loudon, 
30
McEwen, Bruce, 
69–70
McGurk effect, sensory integration and, 
164
, 
168
McKeachie, Wilbert, 
106
Medical-school model, components of, 
257–258
Medical schools, analyzing success of, 
257–258
Medina Grump Factor (MGF), 
3
Melatonin, 
53
Meltzoff, Andy, 
247
Memory, 
127–159
amnesia and, 
67
, 
153
attention and, 
107–108
autobiographical, 
146
, 
174
automatic processing in, 
133–134
Brain Rules for, 
3
, 
125
, 
148
central executive in, 
142
, 
143
cortex and, 
152–153
, 
159
creating familiar settings and, 
141–142
declarative, 
128
, 
129
, 
159
, 
174–175
depression and, 
67
effortful processing in, 
134
elaborative rehearsal in, 
149
, 
156
encoding in, 
131–139
, 
159
episodic, 
146
familiar settings and, 
141–142
forgetting, 
155–156
hippocampus and, 
152
, 
153
, 
154
introductions and, 
140–141
life span of, 
130
long-term, 
130
, 
144–146
, 
159
long-term potentiation and, 
151–155
music and, 
130–131
nondeclarative, 
129
pattern matching in, 
140
photographic, 
173
process of, 
130–133
reasons for, 
128–129
recognition, 
191
, 
192
repetition in, 
148–151
, 
157–158
retrieving, 
146–148
semantic, 
146
short-term, 
130
, 
191
smell in evoking memory, 
173–175
stress and, 
65–66
, 
74
trivia and, 
128
types of, 
129–130
, 
174
verbal, 
234

---

working, 
142–144
, 
159
, 
191
Memory consolidation, 
145–146
, 
151–155
fast, 
151–152
slow, 
152–153
Memory degradation, 
178
Men.