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Standing committees
are formed for a particular purpose on a 
permanent basis
. Their role is to 
deal with routine business delegated to them at weekly or monthly meetings.
(c) 
Ad hoc committees
 
are formed to complete a particular task (eg fact-finding and reporting on a 
particular problem before being wound up). 
(d) 
Sub-committees
may be appointed by committees to relieve the parent committee of some of its 
routine work.
(e) 
Joint committees
 
may be formed to co-ordinate the activities of two or more committees; for 
example, representatives from employers and employees may meet in a Joint Consultative 
Committee. This kind of committee can either be permanent or appointed for a special purpose. 
(f) 
Management committees
in many businesses contain executives at a number of levels, not all 
the decisions in a firm need to be taken by the Board. 
5.3 Advantages of committees 
(a) 
Consolidation of power and authority
. The pooled authority of a committee may enable a 
decision to be made for which an individual's authority would not be sufficient. Examples of a 
plural executive
 
include a Board of Directors or the Cabinet of the Government.
(b) 
Delegation
. A committee can further delegate responsibility, for example to a subcommittee. 
(c) 
Blurring responsibility
. When a committee makes a decision, no individual will be held 
responsible for the consequences of the decision. 
(d) 
Delay
.
A committee is used to gain time (eg a manager may set up a committee to investigate a 
problem when they want to delay their decision, or a company may refer a labour relations 
problem to a committee to defer a crisis with a trade union).
5.4 Disadvantages of committees 
(a) They 
are