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Human resource management
(HRM) is concerned with the most effective use of human resources. It 
deals with organisation, staffing levels, motivation, employee relations and employee services. 

 
HRM planning 
should be based on the 
organisation's strategic planning processes
, with relation to 
analysis of the labour market, forecasting of the external supply and internal demand for labour, job 
analysis and plan implementation. 

 
Culture 
is 'the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of 
people from another' (Hofstede). It may be identified as ways of behaving, and ways of understanding, 
that are shared by a group of people. 

 
Elements of culture 
include: 
– Observable 
behaviour 
– 
Underlying values and beliefs which give meaning to the observable elements 
– 
Hidden assumptions, which unconsciously shape values and beliefs 

 
Organisation culture is 
'the way we do things round here
'. 

 
Cultural values 
can be used to guide organisational processes without the need for tight control. They 
can also be used to motivate employees, by emphasising the heroic dimension of the task. Culture can 
also be used to drive change, although – since values are difficult to change – it can also be a powerful 
force for preserving the status quo. 

 
Handy
classifies four types of culture, to which he gives the names of Greek deities. 
– 
Power 
culture (Zeus) is shaped by one individual. 
 
– 
Role 
culture (Apollo) is a bureaucratic culture shaped by rationality, rules and procedures. 
 
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