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Anthony's 
classification of managerial 
activity, which we discussed in Chapter 5. 
(a) 
Strategic management
(carried out by senior management) is concerned with direction setting, 
policy making and crisis handling. It therefore suits a 
power culture
. 
(b) 
Tactical management 
(carried out by middle management) is concerned with establishing means 
to the corporate ends, mobilising resources and innovating (finding new ways of achieving goals). 
It therefore suits a 
task culture
. 
(c) 
Operational management 
(carried out by supervisors and operatives) is concerned with routine 
activities to carry out tactical plans. It therefore suits a 
role culture
. 
 EXAM FOCUS POINT 
Do not neglect the key link between 
culture
and 
structure
!
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PART B: BUSINESS ORGANISATION STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS AND GOVERNANCE 
 
168
 
QUESTION 
Classifications of culture
 
Review the following statements. Ascribe each of them to one of Handy's four corporate cultures. 
People are controlled and influenced by: 
(a) 
The personal exercise of rewards, punishments or charisma 
(b) 
Impersonal exercise of economic and political power to enforce procedures and standards of 
performance 
(c) 
Communication and discussion of task requirements leading to appropriate action motivated by 
personal commitment to goal achievement 
(d) 
Intrinsic interest and enjoyment in the activities to be done and/or concern and caring for the 
needs of the other people involved 
ANSWER 
(a) 
Zeus/power culture 
(c) 
Athena/task culture 
(b) Apollo/role 
culture 
(d) Dionysus/person 
culture