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Where the State and the Private Sector Merge



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Spotlight-on-Uzbekistan

Where the State and the Private Sector Merge 
Until 2017 when privatisation began, the Uzbek government retained a monopoly over the cotton 
sector, controlling price, production, sales and inputs such as fertilisers and seeds. This state 
involvement, in particular the state-set production quota, has been the key driving force in the 
persistence of forced labour. The responsibility for delivery of quotas lie with local officials or hokims 
throughout the regions. These officials are under enormous pressure, often under the threat of 
penalty, to fulfil their quotas even in the absence of sufficient picker numbers, particularly in less 
populous regions such as Jizzakh. Tape recordings, in which hokims can be heard berating, insulting 
and even beating farmers for failing to deliver their quotas, have been made available to Uzbek 
                                                           
421
 Uzbek Forum for Human Rights, 2019 Cotton Harvest in Uzbekistan: Preliminary Findings of Uzbek Forum for Human Rights, February 
2020, https://www.uzbekforum.org/2019-cotton-harvest-in-uzbekistan-preliminary-findings-of-uzbek-german-forum-for-human-rights/ 
422
 In October 2019, Uzbek Forum monitors interviewed hospital staff of the Turtkul District Central Hospital in Karakalpakstan  
 who had complained about forced labour. Although the Ministry of Labour inspectorate fined the director of the clinic, further hospital 
staff were sent to pick cotton under threat of penalty. 
423
 Uzbek Forum for Human Rights, “Tashkent’s Reforms Have Not Yet Reached Us” – Unfinished Work in the Fight Against Forced Labor in 
Uzbekistan’s 2019 Cotton Harvest, June 2020, https://www.uzbekforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/UzbekForum-2019-Harvest-
Report-Seiten-Mail.pdf 
424
 Uzbek Forum interview with Women’s Committee representative, Pakhtakor district, Jizzakh, October 16, 2019. 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
112 
 
Forum many times over the years.
425
 The pressure from the government to meet cotton quotas is 
simply passed down the chain of command until tens of thousands of Uzbeks find themselves often 
miles from home for days on end picking cotton in derelict accommodation, often without access to 
clean drinking water. Every year has brought at least one death on the fields.
426
 
 
In March this year, following meetings of delegates of the Cotton Campaign with government 
officials in Tashkent, a presidential decree was passed that abolishes the state quota system. This 
significant step simultaneously removes the motivation of hokims to force people to deliver quotas 
and instead leaves production targets in the hands of private companies. The government plans to 
privatise the entire sector by the end of 2020 through ‘cotton textile clusters’ which are designed to 
bring production, processing and manufacturing into the hands of single private operators, thus 
increasing the value chain and creating badly needed jobs. In 2019, 75 private clusters accounted for 
73 per cent of Uzbekistan’s cotton production.
427
 However, the private sector cannot be a guarantee 
of the absence of forced labour, especially in a country without independent trade unions and where 
the concentration of money and political power is in the hands of a few. 
 

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