Bobonazarova gulxayo habibulla qizi spatial deixis and deictic expressions in pragmatics

Conclusions on Chapter 2
Spatial deixis usually takes into account differences in the degree of distance from the speaker or listener, in visibility / invisibility, in the degree of accessibility, or in direction.
In terms of parts of speech, spatial deixis in English is characterized by demonstrative nouns (inanimate this), adjectives (such), “over-differentiated” adverbs (here, now, thus), but there are no demonstrative prepositions or verbs (to this); Further, while nouns and adverbs of time and place usually express the binary opposition of proximity / distance (this / that, now / / then, here / there), in adverbs of mode of action and in adjectives this opposition is expressed less often.
Although one can say that the general cognitive mechanisms of understanding spatial deixis are universal to a certain degree, all occurrences of (mis)understanding in interactive situations have their own story and conversational development, contingent on two kinds of sources: on the one hand, on the context and cotext, goal of interaction, propositional content, participants’ features, mental models and shared (or not completely shared) language; on the other hand, the specific conceptualisation of the spatial deixis and lexicalisation of the interactants.
In the interaction itself, thanks to continuous verbal and non-verbal (that is, visual and gestural) feedback, misunderstanding can develop into understanding if grounded in a cooperative dialogic attitude between participants.


CONCLUSION
Deixis (Greek "deiktikos", lat. "Demonstratio") "is a way of indicating the elements of a situation through gestures or using linguistic expressions. Deixis can be interpreted in a narrower and broader sense, depending on what is the starting point : the speaker himself or any object, action, event within a speech act.You can also talk about linguistic deixis as a systemic characteristic and speech deicticity arising in a linguistic unit in a context. First of all, this work draws attention to the history of the development of deixis. Talking about many theories of its formation. For the first time this concept in modern times attracted the attention of K. Burgmann.
Then Charles Pierce also began to engage in research on this topic, later he suggested calling demonstrative pronouns index signs that create a direct connection between a word and an object.
Another tradition of studying deixis dates back to O. Espersen. In 1922 he proposed the concept of a shifter to characterize linguistic units, the use and understanding of which depends on the speaker and other communicative coordinates.
Dissel distinguishes between demonstrations of several syntactic types - substantive, adjective, adverbial and “identifying”. In addition to the most common opposition in proximity / distance relative to the deictic center (usually the speaker's location), in the languages ​​of the world there are more complex deictic systems based on the visibility / invisibility of the referent for the speaker, on the location of the referent above / below the speaker (for example, in Lezgi - Nakh-Dagestan family), at the location of the referent relative to water barriers - above / below the speaker along the river, closer to the river / further from the river compared to the speaker, on the same / on the other side of the river compared to the speaker (Athabaskan languages ​​of Alaska) . In modern linguistics, a typology of languages ​​is gradually being formed in terms of the use of deictic categories. So, S. Levinson opposes two types of languages ​​from the point of view of what point in time is taken as the basis for written communication - the moment the message is created or the moment it is received by the addressee. The deictic systems of individual languages ​​have been studied in detail.
In the second part of the first chapter, the classification of deixis is considered, and also attention is paid in more detail to the study of its spatial phenomenon. There are a fairly large number of types of deixis, according to the study of one or another scientist, however, this work is built on the following sphere of deixis, which includes several types of indications:
- this is, first of all, an indication of the participants in the speech act - the speaker and the addressee; (1st and 2nd person: me, you, you, mine, yours, yours, etc.).
- an indication of the subject of speech - an object or person, which is expressed by pronouns of a third person;
- an indication of the degree of remoteness of the object of the utterance is expressed by demonstrative pronouns (this, that, etc.);
- an indication of the temporal and spatial localization of an event or fact (the so-called chronotopic deixis) is expressed by pronominal adverbs (here, now, etc.), as well as by the verbal category of tense;
Summing up, it is necessary to highlight the personal (personal), spatial and temporal types of deixis. Personal deixis is understood as unmarked means of expressing personal deixis - pronouns of the third person, accompanied by a pointing gesture, however, gestures may not be used.
And finally, spatial and temporal deixis is carried out in the languages ​​of the world by formal elements of two main types: noun phrases and adverbial elements. In addition, in many languages ​​of the world, there is a grammatical category of the same name for expressing time.
The second chapter is devoted to the peculiarities of types of deixis, deictic expressions and spatial deixis in the Russian and English languages.
First of all, the phenomenon of spatiality in these languages ​​should be emphasized. The functional-semantic field of spatiality in the Russian and English languages, when expressing spatial relations, encompasses multi-level interacting language means and is a linguistic interpretation of the mental category of space, which has a unified system of meanings.
In the category of spatial localization, the event spheres of reality and the variety of parametric characteristics of objects, which are refracted in a peculiar way in language and form one of the most important aspects of the linguistic picture of the world, are joined.
So, usually spatial deixis usually takes into account differences in the degree of distance from the speaker or listener, in visibility / invisibility, in the degree of accessibility or in direction.
In terms of parts of speech, spatial deixis in English is characterized by demonstrative nouns (inanimate this), adjectives (such), "over-differentiated" adverbs (places: here, tense: now, mode of action: thus), but there are no demonstrative prepositions or verbs (to this).
The complex process of understanding is strongly constrained by an intertwined set of linguistic, cognitive, contextual, cultural, social, individual and multimodal aspects, activated in the configuration and subsequent dynamic transformations of a specific interaction: on the one hand, human conceptual structure, general principles of cognitive organisation, the specific linguistic system and its embodiment in human experience, and, on the other, the importance of context, the frequent use of multimodal resources and interactional participants’ work greatly affect the process of understanding spatial deixis.
As we have maintained above, spatial deictic expressions related to the primary origin are generally understood in face-to-face interaction, while other forms of transposed origin may be more difficult to understand. In peripheral cases of spatial deixis, misunderstanding is often overcome by the converging actions of context, cotext, multimodal resources, avoidance strategies that may be activated and clarifying negotiation phases.