Putting It All Together
The examples of Napster and Apple’s iTunes in the digital music industry allow
us to put this all together: two strategic moves, both seeking to create and
capture uncontested market space with digital music. Napster had the clear first-
mover advantage, pulled in over 80 million registered users, and was generally
loved for its value proposition, but its strategy ultimately failed. It had no
sustainability. In contrast, iTunes achieved sustainable success and both
dominated and grew the blue ocean of digital music. Fundamentally, what
separates the outcomes of these two strategic moves is alignment.
The Napster team, lacking a holistic view of strategy, failed to align its
external people proposition for its partners to support the compelling value it
unlocked. When the record labels approached Napster to work out a revenue-
sharing model for the digital download of music that would create a win-win for
both sides, Napster balked. The excitement over Napster’s spectacular growth
prevented it from appreciating that it needed an external people proposition that
offered differentiation and low cost for its key partners, the record labels. Rather
than work to build a compelling people proposition that would strike a win-win
arrangement with record labels, Napster took a belligerent approach, declaring it
would advance with or without the record labels’ support. The rest is history;
Napster was forced to shut down due to copyright infringement. This prevented
Napster from ever developing a profit proposition that could benefit from its
huge user base. Lacking strategy alignment, Napster’s success was short-lived.
Apple by contrast created a set of fully developed and aligned strategy
propositions. Its compelling value proposition for buyers was complemented by
a compelling people proposition for its external partners, major music
companies, allowing Apple to gain the support of all five major music
companies—BMG, EMI Group, Sony, Universal Music Group, and Warner
Brothers Records. With iTunes, music companies receive 70 percent of the
purchase price of every song downloaded, creating a win-win proposition for
both Apple and business partners. And since Apple’s iTunes also drove sales of
its already hot iPod, iTunes multiplied the company’s profit proposition, creating
a positive reinforcing cycle of profit across the two platforms. The result: the
alignment across iTunes’ value, profit, and people propositions ushered in a new
era of music, allowing Apple to create, capture, and dominate a new market
space in digital music.
Do you have a holistic understanding of strategy? Has your new strategy fully
developed and aligned the three strategy propositions for sustained success? The
developed and aligned the three strategy propositions for sustained success? The
continuing success of your company’s strategy depends on it.
This brings us to our discussion of the last principle of blue ocean strategy in
which we address the important issue of the renewal of blue oceans over time.
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