Birmingham mumbai

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In each line, we see several fields of information. The first column is our permission 
string for the object (for example, 
-rw-r—r--
), which we'll cover in more detail 
shortly. We also see the link count for the object (second column). Links are 
beyond the scope of this chapter but will be discussed in 
Chapter 5
, 
Managing Files 
and Directories
. Continuing on, the user that owns the file is displayed in the third 
column, the group that owns the file is in the fourth column, the size in bytes is in the 
fifth, the last date the file was modified is in the sixth, and finally there is the name of 
the file.
Keep in mind that depending on how your shell is configured, your output may look 
different and the fields may be in different places. For the sake of our discussion on 
permissions, what we're really concerned with is the permissions string, as well as 
the owning user and group. In this case, we can see that the first file (named 
welcome
) 
is owned by a user named 
doctor
. The second file is named 
profile
 and is owned by 
root
. Finally, we have a file named 
exterminate
 owned by a user named 
dalek
.
With these files, we have the permission strings of 
-rw-rw-rw-
, 
-rw-r--r--
, and 
-rwxr-xr-x
 respectively. If you haven't worked with permissions before, these 
may seem strange, but it's actually quite easy when you break them down. Each 
permission string can be broken down into four groups, as I'll show you in the 
following table: