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2021
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fatal to insects, while the sulfur was used as a fungicide. At the beginning of the Second
World War, numerous pesticides were synthesized, mainly organic chemicals, such as
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aldrin, and dieldrin used as insecticides, while
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
were used as herbicides [
2
].
After 1945, there was a rapid development of the agrochemical field, characterized
by the introduction of many insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and other chemicals, to
control pests and ensure the yields of agricultural production. Moreover, pesticides are
applied in aquaculture, horticulture, and for various general household applications. They
are also used to control vector-borne diseases (e.g., malaria and dengue) [
3
].
From 1990 to 2018, there have been registered amounts of used pesticides by all
countries in the world, especially in Asia and America. The world average quantity has
increased from 1.55 kg
·
ha
−
1
in 1990 to 2.63 kg
·
ha
−
1
in 2018, as shown in Figure
1
. Looking
at the types, fungicides and bactericides are used more than the others (Figure
2
).
Bioengineering
2021
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with synthetic chemistry during the 1930s. In this period, inorganic chemicals such as ar-
senic and sulfur compounds were applied for crop protection. The arsenic poison was
fatal to insects, while the sulfur was used as a fungicide. At the beginning of the Second
World War, numerous pesticides were synthesized, mainly organic chemicals, such as di-
chlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aldrin, and dieldrin used as insecticides, while 2-
methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
were used as herbicides [2].
After 1945, there was a rapid development of the agrochemical field, characterized
by the introduction of many insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and other chemicals, to
control pests and ensure the yields of agricultural production. Moreover, pesticides are
applied in aquaculture, horticulture, and for various general household applications.
They are also used to control vector-borne diseases (e.g., malaria and dengue) [3].
From 1990 to 2018, there have been registered amounts of used pesticides by all coun-
tries in the world, especially in Asia and America. The world average quantity has in-
creased from 1.55 kg·ha
−
1
in 1990 to 2.63 kg·ha
−
1
in 2018, as shown in Figure 1. Looking at
the types, fungicides and bactericides are used more than the others (Figure 2).
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