Bernard Shaw, a great Irish realist playwright, spurred forward by the likes of
Emile Zola, Stephen Crane and Frank Norris began to write work that reflected
a more extreme depiction of reality in line with the leading thinkers of the age,
like Sigmund Freud and Charles Darwin. His work showed,
‘How human beings belonged to an order of nature and their characters,
fortunes and misfortunes were determined by heredity and environment,’
This essay will closely examine Eliza Doolittle’s room, Mr Higgins’ laboratory
and his mother, Mrs Higgin’s drawing room to show this concern in the play,
Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw. A personal brief representation of the set showing
the relationship between environment and actions on the stage will be given
after the description of each set.
One is introduced to poor Eliza Doolittle’s ‘small room’ at ‘Angel Court along
Drury Lane’ towards the end of the first act. The size of the room alone clearly
places her at the bottom of the social ladder as she is obviously unable to
afford a larger one. The significance of the name of the court could be that
though she is poor externally she is gentle, sweet and is morally like an angel.
This characteristic is highlighted by her father who says that she is, ‘very
tender-hearted.’ Whilst the name of the road she lives on, which was formally
famous for its theatres could be a foreshadowing of the ‘acting role’ she will
play further on in the play when she successfully manages to act as a duchess.
Her growing up and living in a poor environment dictates the accent she has
which in turn determines her vocation, a flower girl. One could then conclude
that this placement by Bernard Shaw defines her fortunes and misfortunes as
she is unable to rise above the social expectation of possessing a proper accent
required for one to attain a better vocation.
Eliza’s small room is seen to have,’ very old wallpaper hanging loose in the
damp places’. The presence of the old paper regardless of age and state reveals
an individual that would like beauty and the finer details of life but is
unfortunately unable to afford them. There is also a, ’broken pane in the
window that is mended with paper. This shows her attempt of mend her
environment but due to her station in life she is unable to afford it to be
professionally done. Her effort is then focused on a basic necessity of warmth
by keeping any cold breeze at bay.
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Another point to be noted is the presence of,’ a portrait of a popular actor and
a fashion plate of ladies’ dresses’ that are pinned on the wall to show how her
self-esteem, confidence and self-worth are determined by what society views
as being of value and importance. This trend in society causes her to envy and
desire fancy clothes, a point included by the playwright in line with the
sociologist Auguste Compte, who states that people cannot create the social
world, rather the social world creates people.
The unoccupied birdcage that is, ’a memorial’, could serve to illustrate how
Eliza is caring and sentimental. Her heart is not merely taken up by the
preoccupations of a better life but she has feelings for others as well. This is a
trait she gets from her father who later on in the play points out that Eliza is,
‘very tender-hearted, Takes after me.’ This aspect points out Bernard Shaw’s
naturalist approach as he uses Sigmund Freud’s idea of inherent traits from
parents and its psychological motivations.
Her room is described as having a ‘wretched bed’, an object of discomfort that
is unsatisfactory and inferior. A bed is a thing that usually symbolises rest,
peace and tranquillity yet Eliza’s sanctuary is not restful. It is merely an object
to fulfil the basic need of sleep. This adjective used to describe the bed shows
Eliza’s inferior station in life. The bed also includes, ‘all sorts of coverings that
have any warmth in them.’ This could be compared to hay in a barn. Whereby
the animals simply use the barn for warmth and a shelter from the elements,
Eliza could then be said to be of a class in life that is so low that she is lives
more like an animal and hence is treated like one by some.
The presence of the ‘basin’, ‘jug’ and ‘little looking glass’, dictates how through
her means the extent of her ability to take care of herself, which is the very
minimum. This then dictates how people react and treat her. The ‘chair’ and
‘table’ have no sentimental value nor comfort attached to them but are objects
of necessity.
Eliza desires a life different from her own, she is not content with her
immediate environment and shows this by possessing an ‘American alarum
clock’.
Eliza may be compared to Stephen Crane’s Maggie in ‘Maggie: A Girl of The
Streets’, who was also brought up in a poor area and whose life was controlled
by social and economic factors. In contrast to Maggie, Eliza remains a ‘good
girl’, yet Maggie who wants to be good is influenced by the betrayal of her
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family and friends and becomes a prostitute. This point may be highlighted by
noting that Eliza was not negatively affected by her physical environment but
remained morally upright contrary to society’s normal comprehension of
poverty which is directly linked to prostitution and theft.
Personally I would stage this play on a thrust stage that would make the play
more intimate. I would place a window in Eliza’s room that could receive
sunlight or moonshine, this could be a foreshowing of the glimpse of hope that
she will encounter further on in the play. I would place a live bird in the cage to
give her companionship and soften her character as she could be seen feeding
it. Her environment could however be of very dull brown, grey and dark blue
with her clothes being of coarse fabric. The sound of rainfall and thunder will
be heard in the background to show her inability to change her immediate
environment without external help.
Next we are introduced to Mr Higgins’s laboratory, a clear contrast from Eliza’s
abode. It is situated along prestigious ‘Wimpole Street’, placing its occupant on
an elevated level of the social ladder. It is also in a prime position, ‘on the first
floor, looking on the street’. This location reveals that Mr. Higgins is wealthy
and of a privileged status.
The denial to use the drawing room for its intended purpose reveals a
character that refuses to follow the norm of society but lets his passions direct
him. ‘The double doors at in the middle back of the back wall’ showing the
opulence of the dwelling however the fact that the doors are placed at the rear
of the room shows their insignificance in Mr Higgins’ world. He is depicted as a
man with no time to enjoy the outdoors but fully occupied in his profession.
The presence of the ‘two tall file cabinets’ shows that the owner is studious. He
is not new at his profession but has been at it long enough to acquire enough
paperwork to fit these tall cabinets. One is then sees ‘a flat writing-table,’ that
just like the room is not used for its intended purpose. The table is burdened
with, ‘phonograph, a larynx-goscope, a row of tiny organ pipes with
bellows…………a supply of wax cylinders for the phonograph.’ These various
objects show the energy and determination that he has for his work and it
could also be compared to Mr Higgins mind. Full of the preoccupations of his
scientific life and yet no place to entertain anyone on a social level but just to
teach and instruct. This confirms what Bernard Shaw writes of Mr Higgins
further on.
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‘He is of the energetic, scientific type, heartily, even violently interested in
everything that can be studied as a scientific subject, and careless about
himself and other people, including their feelings.’
One could argue that this definition need not be included as the naturalistic
setting provided in the play clearly defines his character.
His privileged status in life is also highlighted by the presence of the
‘comfortable leather-covered easy-chair’ as well as the warmth provided by the
used fireplace, in contrast to Eliza’s unused one. This shows the luxury and
comfort associated with his lifestyle.
The ‘stand for newspapers’ gives the impression that Mr Higgins likes to keep
up to date with current affairs and is well educated. Whilst the telephone and
telephone directory shows his need to quick communication. It could also point
to the fact that he is impatient as he does not have the patience to sit and
write letters except to his mother and Ezra Wannafeller but prefers to dial a
number and receive an immediate response.
‘Most of the side wall, is occupied by a grand piano, with the keyboard……..,
and a bench for the player extending the full length of the keyboard.’ this could
allude to one who is cultured and modern, however throughout the play the
piano is never used and so it could be concluded that the piano is merely a
status symbol or its mere existence could show Mr. Higgins’ link to his mother
as she also possesses a piano. His grand piano is extravagant and it seems to be
just for display compared to his mother who has a piano in a decorated case.
The middle of Mr Higgins room is clear, this could represent the fact that there
is no one is at the centre of his world but himself. His focus, energy and
enthusiasm is directed instead to his work and his own interests. This is in
contrast to the middle of his mother’s drawing room. Which is described as
having, ‘a big ottoman.’ An ottoman described in ‘The Concise Oxford
dictionary’ is ‘a cushioned seat like sofa or chair without back or arms’. Mrs
Higgins could be shown as being one that opens up the centre of her world to
others, showing concern for them regardless of their background, derived from
the fact that ottomans have no back.
The set for Mr Higgins drawing room’s according to my personal directions
would include blinds on the windows. This would further emphasis the
distance that he places himself from the natural world as well putting focus on
his a very technical, rigid character. I would place a wide chalkboard on the wall
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with scribbling of shorthand and different illegible writings to show his
dedication to his work as well as the time and energy he puts into it. As Mr
Higgins is a professional I would have papers scattered on the floor, untouched
by Ms Pearce once again to show his utter dedication to his work. During acting
I would include the sound of car horns, bicycle hoots as well a boy shouting
while selling newspapers to show the technical almost mechanical aspect of Mr
Higgins character.
At the beginning of Act 3, one is given a very detailed description of Mrs
Higgins drawing room. In the first sentence one is told that the room ‘has three
windows looking onto the river.’ This is a perfect description to give for the
occupant which shows that Mrs Higgins is down to earth, with a deep love for
nature (as we see three windows and not just one) as well as one who has the
refreshing, rejuvenating force and cleansing power of water (as she looks on a
river). This characteristic is highlighted by the fact that after meeting Miss
Doolittle she questions her son about his motivations and intentions which
shows concern for Eliza.
‘How does your housekeeper get on with her?’
‘…….what is to be done with her afterwards?’
The fact that Eliza later on in the play finds solace in Mrs Higgins further
highlights her refreshing and consoling nature.
Her room is then described by Bernard Shaw as having a ‘ceiling …..not so lofty
as it would be in an older house of the same pretension’, emphasis could be
placed on the fact that Mrs Higgins is not pretentious. She does not pretend to
have what she does not nor to be who she is not. Unlike Mrs Ensford Hill and
Clara who, are pretending to be wealthy and yet they are not. On speaking to
Mrs Higgins, Mrs Hill says,’ we’re so poor! And she gets so few parties, poor
child! She doesn’t quite know.’ Mrs Higgins then ‘takes her hand
sympathetically’ showing her sympathetic character. Mrs Higgins is aware of
Mrs Hill and her family’s pretence as well as Eliza’s pretence and yet she
remains caring and gentle.
She is depicted by Shaw as a liberated woman who is independent and self-
confident as she lives alone and decorated her home herself. This is in line with
Emmeline Pankhurst’s ideas concerning the rights of women.
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The windows in the drawing room ‘are open, giving access to the balcony with
flowers on pots’, which bring in natural warmth and light as well as fresh air to
highlight her warm hearted, welcoming and pleasant nature. The flowers in the
pots are symbolic, referring to her inner beauty as well as external beauty
shown by the fact that in her youth she wore ‘beautiful costumes.’ The flowers
also represent freshness in Mrs Higgins who though she is elderly, internally
she possesses the freshness of fresh blooms.
Mrs Higgins has elegantly decorated her room with an ottoman in the middle
of the room, a ‘carpet and Morris wallpapers and Morris chintz window
curtains and brocade covers on the ottoman’. Sir Paul Harvey writing in ‘The
Oxford Companion to English Literature, claims that Burne-Jones (1833-1898)
was a painter and designer who used romantic subjects, such as King Cophetua
and the Beggar Maid, which usually portray women with a characteristic
willowy beauty. His link with Morris and Co is that he designed tapestry for
them. This inclusion by Bernard Shaw shows Mrs Higgins’ beauty and exquisite
taste in fashion and also a good judge of character. It could also show link to
her family as she ‘was brought up on Morris and Burne Jones.
The lack of clutter in her room shows that she is clear minded without the
professional preoccupations of her ‘celebrated’ son. Mr Higgins focuses solely
on his work and not on the implications that his actions have on other people.
His mother however focuses on other people and how their actions affect the
ones around them. When Mr Higgins being questioned about Eliza responds
that, ‘I don’t see anything in that? She can go her own way.’ ‘Anyway, there’s no
good bothering now. The things done shows his lack of connection to other
people’s feeling.
As the furnishings of her room are ‘too handsome to be hidden by odds and
ends of useless things,’ so is her being which is shown to have characteristics
likened to nature that are simple and yet each is of tremendous value. Whilst
the self-portrait on the wall shows her sense of self- esteem, she finds herself
worthy of admiration and regard unlike Eliza whose self-esteem depended on
how others looked at her. ’You’re calling me Miss Doolittle that day …….was the
beginning of self-respect.’
In depicting Mrs Higgins drawing room, I would in contrast to her son’s room,
place pot plants with flowers inside her room to show how she not only
resembles the freshness and vitality of nature but she actually is fresh and full
of vitality. I would place a large double door next to her writing table with
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views of the river and during the staging of the scene include the sound of the
river as well as of birds and ducks. To emphasis a cool fresh atmosphere will
highlight her character which is warm and welcoming.
Throughout the play the playwright’s naturalistic inclination are shown firstly
through the depiction of Eliza Doolittle’s room which shows the poverty, lack of
self-esteem as well as her gentle and caring nature that she has at the
beginning of the play. Then through to Mr Higgins’ laboratory, which was full of
detail to highlight the differences between Eliza and himself. The differences
and the similarities between Mr Higgins and his mother are also clearly defined
initially through their living environment. The unconscious decisions each make
concerning their lifestyle as well as the involuntary forces that direct each to
act and be who they are clearly linked are the playtext through the
environment as well as their actions. Bernard Shaw shows how social factors as
well heredity dictate the life of the main characters in the play making him truly
a naturalist playwright. He expertly brings ‘forth the idea that art and literature
should present the world and people just as science shows they really are.’
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