Бердақ атындағы Қарақалпақ Мәмлекетлик университети шет тиллери факультети

Professional words are such words, which are used in certain spheres of human activity. They are used in a de­finite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work and at home. Profes­sionalisms are correlated to terms. Terms are coined to no­minate new concepts that appear in the process of techni­cal progress and the development of science.

Professional words name a new already-existing con­cepts, tools and instruments. Professionalisms are special words in the non-literary layer of the English vocabulary, whereas terms are a specialized group belonging to the literary layer of words. Terms, if they are connected with a field or branch of science or technique well-known to ordinary people, are easily decoded, Professionalisms ge­nerally remain in the circulation within a definite commu­nity.

The function of professionalisms may be different: to characterize the speech of a person, to make the descrip­tion more precise and realistic.

Like terms professionalisms do not allow any poly­semy, they are monosemanticy.

Dialectal words are such non-literary English words, which are connected with a certain area of region. They are not the property of the literary English. There is some­times a difficulty in distinguishing dialectal words, from colloquial words. Some dialectal words have become so familiar that they are accepted as recognized units of the standard colloquial English. To these words belong: a lass (a girl or a beloved girl), a lad (a boy or a young man). These words belong to Scottish dialect. Many of the words fixed in dictionaries as dialectal are of Scottish origin. Among other dialects used for stylistic purposes in lite­rature is the southern dialect. This dialect has a phonetic peculiarity that distinguishes it from other dialects. For example: "volk" (folk), "vpund" (found), "zee" (see), "linking" (sinking). From Irish came the following dialec­tal words: hurley (hockey), colleen (a girl). From the nort- hern dialectal came words: "to coom" (to come), "sun" (son). Still these words have not lost their dialectal associ­ations and therefore are used in literary English with sty­listic function of characterization.

Of quite a different nature are dialectal words which are easily recognized as corruptions of Standard English words. The following words may serve as examples: hin-ny" from "honey"; "tittie" apparently from sister, being a childish corruption of the words.

It's quite natural that dialectal words are commonly used in oral speech and emotive prose and always perform the function of characterizing a person, his breading and education through his speech.

Over-abundance or words and phrases of non-literary English not only makes the reading difficult, but actually contaminates the generally accepted norms of the English language.

Writers use dialectal words which they think will en­rich the standard English vocabulary. Among words which are easily understood by the average Englishman are "maister", "well", "enough", "nothing" and the like, characteristic of Scottish.

I. Questions and Tasks

1. What is a slang?

2. What slang words do you know besides general (standard) slang?. Give examples.

3. Explain the process of “determinazation”.

4. When are the terms used in the language of emotive prose?

5. What functions do poetic words fulfil in the text?

6. Speak about three groups of archaic words.

7. In what functional styles are barbarisms and foreign words mostly used?

8.What are the motives of producing neologisms?

9. Give the distinction between a slang and jargon?

10. What are thr professional words?