be spent on shallow work? This strategy suggests that you ask it. If you have a boss, in
other words, have a conversation about this question. (You’ll probably have to first
define for him or her what “shallow” and “deep” work means.) If you work for
yourself, ask yourself this question. In both cases, settle on a specific answer. Then—
and this is the important part—try to stick to this budget. (The strategies that precede
and follow this one will help you achieve this goal.)
For most people in most non-entry-level knowledge work jobs, the answer to the
question will be somewhere in the 30 to 50 percent range (there’s a psychological
distaste surrounding the idea of spending the majority of your time on unskilled tasks,
so 50 percent is a natural upper limit, while at the same time most bosses will begin to
worry that if this percentage gets too much lower than 30 percent you’ll be reduced to
a knowledge work hermit who thinks big thoughts but never responds to e-mails).
Obeying this budget will likely require changes to your behavior. You’ll almost
certainly end up forced into saying no to projects that seem infused with shallowness
while also more aggressively reducing the amount of shallowness in your existing
projects. This budget might lead you to drop the need for a weekly status meeting in
preference for results-driven reporting (“let me know when you’ve made significant
progress; then we’ll talk”). It might also lead you to start spending more mornings in
communication isolation or decide it’s not as important as you once thought to respond
quickly and in detail to every cc’d e-mail that crosses your inbox.
These changes are all positive for your quest to make deep work central to your
working life. On the one hand, they don’t ask you to abandon your core shallow
obligations—a move that would cause problems and resentment—as you’re still
spending a lot of time on such efforts. On the other hand, they do force you to place a
hard limit on the amount of less urgent obligations you allow to slip insidiously into
your schedule. This limit frees up space for significant amounts of deep effort on a
consistent basis.
The reason why these decisions should start with a conversation with your boss is
that this agreement establishes implicit support from your workplace. If you work for
someone else, this strategy provides cover when you turn down an obligation or
restructure a project to minimize shallowness. You can justify the move because it’s
necessary for you to hit your prescribed target mix of work types. As I discussed in
Chapter 2, part of the reason shallow work persists in large quantities in knowledge
work is that we rarely see the total impact of such efforts on our schedules. We instead
tend to evaluate these behaviors one by one in the moment—a perspective from which
each task can seem quite reasonable and convenient. The tools from earlier in this
rule, however, allow you to make this impact explicit. You can now confidently say to
your boss, “This is the exact percentage of my time spent last week on shallow work,”
and force him or her to give explicit approval for that ratio. Faced with these numbers,
and the economic reality they clarify (it’s incredibly wasteful, for example, to pay a
highly trained professional to send e-mail messages and attend meetings for thirty
hours a week), a boss will be led to the natural conclusion that you need to say no to
some things and to streamline others—even if this makes life less convenient for the
boss, or for you, or for your coworkers. Because, of course, in the end, a business’s
goal is to generate value, not to make sure its employees’ lives are as easy as
possible.
If you work for yourself, this exercise will force you to confront the reality of how
little time in your “busy” schedule you’re actually producing value. These hard
numbers will provide you the confidence needed to start scaling back on the shallow
activities that are sapping your time. Without these numbers, it’s difficult for an
entrepreneur to say no to any opportunity that might generate some positive return. “I
have to be on Twitter!,” “I have to maintain an active Facebook presence!,” “I have to
tweak the widgets on my blog!,” you tell yourself, because when considered in
isolation, to say no to any one of these activities seems like you’re being lazy. By
instead picking and sticking with a shallow-to-deep ratio, you can replace this guilt-
driven unconditional acceptance with the more healthy habit of trying to get the most
out of the time you put aside for shallow work (therefore still exposing yourself to
many opportunities), but keeping these efforts constrained to a small enough fraction of
your time and attention to enable the deep work that ultimately drives your business
forward.
Of course, there’s always the possibility that when you ask this question the answer
is stark. No boss will explicitly answer, “One hundred percent of your time should be
shallow!” (unless you’re entry level, at which point you need to delay this exercise
until you’ve built enough skills to add deep efforts to your official work
responsibilities), but a boss might reply, in so many words, “as much shallow work as
is needed for you to promptly do whatever we need from you at the moment.” In this
case, the answer is still useful, as it tells you that this isn’t a job that supports deep
work, and a job that doesn’t support deep work is not a job that can help you succeed
in our current information economy. You should, in this case, thank the boss for the
feedback, and then promptly start planning how you can transition into a new position
that values depth.
Finish Your Work by Five Thirty
In the seven days preceding my first writing these words, I participated in sixty-five
different e-mail conversations. Among these sixty-five conversations, I sent exactly
five e-mails after five thirty p.m. The immediate story told by these statistics is that,
with few exceptions, I don’t send e-mails after five thirty. But given how intertwined
e-mail has become with work in general, there’s a more surprising reality hinted by
this behavior: I don’t work after five thirty p.m.
I call this commitment fixed-schedule productivity, as I fix the firm goal of not
working past a certain time, then work backward to find productivity strategies that
allow me to satisfy this declaration. I’ve practiced fixed-schedule productivity
happily for more than half a decade now, and it’s been crucial to my efforts to build a
productive professional life centered on deep work. In the pages ahead, I will try to
convince you to adopt this strategy as well.
Let me start my pitch for fixed-schedule productivity by first noting that, according to
conventional wisdom, in the academic world I inhabit this tactic should fail.
Professors—especially junior professors—are notorious for adopting grueling
schedules that extend into the night and through weekends. Consider, for example, a
blog post published by a young computer science professor whom I’ll call “Tom.” In
this post, which Tom wrote in the winter of 2014, he replicates his schedule for a
recent day in which he spent twelve hours at his office. This schedule includes five
different meetings and three hours of “administrative” tasks, which he describes as
“tending to bushels of e-mails, filling out bureaucratic forms, organizing meeting
notes, planning future meetings.” By his estimation, he spent only one and a half out of
the twelve total hours sitting in his office tackling “real” work, which he defines as
efforts that make progress toward a “research deliverable.” It’s no wonder that Tom
feels coerced into working well beyond the standard workday. “I’ve already accepted
the reality that I’ll be working on weekends,” he concludes in another post. “Very few
junior faculty can avoid such a fate.”
And yet, I have. Even though I don’t work at night and rarely work on weekends,
between arriving at Georgetown in the fall of 2011 and beginning work on this chapter
in the fall of 2014, I’ve published somewhere around twenty peer-reviewed articles. I
also won two competitive grants, published one (nonacademic) book, and have almost
finished writing another (which you’re reading at the moment). All while avoiding the
grueling schedules deemed necessary by the Toms of the world.
What explains this paradox? We can find a compelling answer in a widely
disseminated article published in 2013 by an academic further along in her career, and
far more accomplished than I: Radhika Nagpal, the Fred Kavli Professor of Computer
Science at Harvard University. Nagpal opens the article by claiming that much of the
stress suffered by tenure-track professors is self-imposed. “Scary myths and scary
data abound about life as a tenure-track faculty at an ‘R1’ [research-focused]
university,” she begins, before continuing to explain how she finally decided to
disregard the conventional wisdom and instead “deliberately… do specific things to
preserve my happiness.” This deliberate effort led Nagpal to enjoy her pre-tenure time
“tremendously.”
Nagpal goes on to detail several examples of these efforts, but there’s one tactic in
particular that should sound familiar. As Nagpal admits, early in her academic career
she found herself trying to cram work into every free hour between seven a.m. and
midnight (because she has kids, this time, especially in the evening, was often severely
fractured). It didn’t take long before she decided this strategy was unsustainable, so
she set a limit of fifty hours a week and worked backward to determine what rules and
habits were needed to satisfy this constraint. Nagpal, in other words, deployed fixed-
schedule productivity.
We know this strategy didn’t hurt her academic career, as she ended up earning
tenure on schedule and then jumping to the full professor level after only three
additional years (an impressive ascent). How did she pull this off? According to her
article, one of the main techniques for respecting her hour limit was to set drastic
quotas on the major sources of shallow endeavors in her academic life. For example,
she decided she would travel only five times per year for any purpose, as trips can
generate a surprisingly large load of urgent shallow obligations (from making lodging
arrangements to writing talks). Five trips a year may still sound like a lot, but for an
academic it’s light. To emphasize this point, note that Matt Welsh, a former colleague
of Nagpal in the Harvard computer science department (he now works for Google)
once wrote a blog post in which he claimed it was typical for junior faculty to travel
twelve to twenty-four times a year. (Imagine the shallow efforts Nagpal avoided in
sidestepping an extra ten to fifteen trips!) The travel quota is just one of several tactics
that Nagpal used to control her workday (she also, for example, placed limits on the
number of papers she would review per year), but what all her tactics shared was a
commitment to ruthlessly capping the shallow while protecting the deep efforts—that
is, original research—that ultimately determined her professional fate.
Returning to my own example, it’s a similar commitment that enables me to
succeed with fixed scheduling. I, too, am incredibly cautious about my use of the most
dangerous word in one’s productivity vocabulary: “yes.” It takes a lot to convince me
to agree to something that yields shallow work. If you ask for my involvement in
university business that’s not absolutely necessary, I might respond with a defense I
learned from the department chair who hired me: “Talk to me after tenure.” Another
tactic that works well for me is to be clear in my refusal but ambiguous in my
explanation for the refusal. The key is to avoid providing enough specificity about the
excuse that the requester has the opportunity to defuse it. If, for example, I turn down a
time-consuming speaking invitation with the excuse that I have other trips scheduled
for around the same time, I don’t provide details—which might leave the requester the
ability to suggest a way to fit his or her event into my existing obligations—but instead
just say, “Sounds interesting, but I can’t make it due to schedule conflicts.” In turning
down obligations, I also resist the urge to offer a consolation prize that ends up
devouring almost as much of my schedule (e.g., “Sorry I can’t join your committee, but
I’m happy to take a look at some of your proposals as they come together and offer my
thoughts”). A clean break is best.
In addition to carefully guarding my obligations, I’m incredibly conscientious about
managing my time. Because my time is limited each day, I cannot afford to allow a
large deadline to creep up on me, or a morning to be wasted on something trivial,
because I didn’t take a moment to craft a smart plan. The Damoclean cap on the
workday enforced by fixed-schedule productivity has a way of keeping my
organization efforts sharp. Without this looming cutoff, I’d likely end up more lax in
my habits.
To summarize these observations, Nagpal and I can both succeed in academia
without Tom-style overload due to two reasons. First, we’re asymmetric in the culling
forced by our fixed-schedule commitment. By ruthlessly reducing the shallow while
preserving the deep, this strategy frees up our time without diminishing the amount of
new value we generate. Indeed, I would go so far as to argue that the reduction in
shallow frees up more energy for the deep alternative, allowing us to produce more
than if we had defaulted to a more typical crowded schedule. Second, the limits to our
time necessitate more careful thinking about our organizational habits, also leading to
more value produced as compared to longer but less organized schedules.
The key claim of this strategy is that these same benefits hold for most knowledge
work fields. That is, even if you’re not a professor, fixed-schedule productivity can
yield powerful benefits. In most knowledge work jobs, it can be difficult in the
moment to turn down a shallow commitment that seems harmless in isolation—be it
accepting an invitation to get coffee or agreeing to “jump on a call.” A commitment to
fixed-schedule productivity, however, shifts you into a scarcity mind-set. Suddenly
any obligation beyond your deepest efforts is suspect and seen as potentially
disruptive. Your default answer becomes no, the bar for gaining access to your time
and attention rises precipitously, and you begin to organize the efforts that pass these
obstacles with a ruthless efficiency. It might also lead you to test assumptions about
your company’s work culture that you thought were ironclad but turn out to be
malleable. It’s common, for example, to receive e-mails from your boss after hours.
Fixed-schedule productivity would have you ignore these messages until the next
morning. Many suspect that this would cause problems, as such responses are
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