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The word
charge
was pronounced as /tʃa:ʒ/, whereas the standard
pronunciation of this word is /tʃa:dʒ/ or /tʃa:rdʒ/ (American English
language).
Example 4. The amount of alcoholic beverages sold last year was
gradually increasing.
The word was pronounced as /ˈbevəraʒ/ and the standard
pronunciation is /ˈbevəridʒ/.
Example 5. Her neighbours encouraged her to create her own
business.
The word
encouraged
was pronounced as /ənˈkoraʒ/ and the
standard pronunciation of this word is /inˈkʌridʒd/ or
/
inˈk
ɜ:
ridʒd/.
Phonological interference observed in Case 6 can also be explained
by the fact that according to Table 2, the Spanish consonant sound
system is lacking the palato-alveolar stop phoneme /dʒ/ which is quite
common for the English language. It belongs to the unshared phonemes
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which exist in English but not in Spanish. Therefore, in the discussed
linguistic environment for a Peruvian learner it seems unnatural to
pronounce the sound /dʒ/. So, they replace it with the Spanish sound /ʝ/
which to the native speaker mostly resembles the sound /ʒ/ in the
provided phonological environment.
This kind of phoneme difficulty caused by phonological
interference of the mother tongue undoubtedly leads to misunderstanding
and impedes meaningful communication.
Case 7. Eliminating bilabial consonant sounds /m/, /p/, /b/, and a
labio-dental consonant sound /v/ after a vowel at the end of the word.
Example 1
.
Let me introduce myself. My name is …
The word was pronounced /nei/ and should be pronounced as
/neim/.
Example 2.
In nineteen eighty five Bacchus company ….
The word was pronounced as /fai/ and should be pronounced as
/faiv/.
Example 3. I would like to report about different types of market
research.
The word was pronounced as /tais/ and the standard pronunciation
of it is /taips/.
Example 4. Suppliers should comply with company safety
requirements at the time of products delivery.
Finally, the word was pronounced as /tai/ or sometimes as /taiŋ/
and should be pronounced as /taim/.
Phonological interference shown in Case 7 depicts the tendency
among Peruvian learners of English to eliminate the mentioned sounds
after a vowel at the end of the word. To try to explain this, it is necessary
to apply various phonological rules of Spanish.
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First of all, in the Spanish language nasal consonants /m/ and /n/
usually assimilate to a following consonant, for example,
ambos, enviar,
converser, en Peru, en Venezuela, con Manuel, un mapa
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etc. Since in
the given examples there are no following consonants, there is nothing to
assimilate to, so the bilabial nasal /m/ at the end of the word is eliminated
or velarized to /ŋ/ as well as final /n/
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. It appears to be easy for a Spanish
speaker to pronounce the bilabial sound /m/ at the beginning of the word,
but quite difficult if the word finishes with /m/. Putting the lips together
at the end of the word to pronounce a consonant sound is a rare
phenomenon for the Spanish language.
The same happens to the bilabial sounds like /p/, /b/. Moreover,
when the word finishes with the sound /v/, Peruvian learners either
eliminate it or when asked by a teacher to pronounce it correctly, replace
this sound with /b/ due to the Case 2 of phonological interference
mentioned above.
Therefore, during oral discourse the mispronunciation of the
discussed consonant sounds by Peruvian learners can cause serious
confusion to the listener.
Case 8. Devoicing a voiced consonant sound at the end of the
word.
Example 1. Inca Cola combined the Peruvian culture and the food.
Example 2. His head office is located in Ica, Peru.
Example 3. They sell drugs to many countries.
Case 8 demonstrates a very important phenomenon typical for the
English language and not common for any variant of the Spanish
language. Meaning defining voiced consonant sound at the end of a word
exemplifies one of the most complicated English language phonological
features. In the Spanish language, in this case in Peruvian variant, the
voiced consonants at the end of the word tend to be devoiced. According
93
Stanley Whitley, M. (2002). Ibid. p. 46.
94
Resnick, M. (1975). Ibid. p. 28.
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to the phonological rule “Spirantization of /b d g/” (Stanley Whitley
2002), these sounds have two allophones each, stop and fricative
(spirant). The stops occur in three positions: after a pause, after nasals
and after /l/. In all other positions /b/, /g/, /d/ become fricatives. For
example,
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
