B. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive What does pragmatics study? c

What is a linguist?
A. A person who studies linguistics is usually referred to as a linguist
How does linguistics differ from traditional grammar?
b. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive
What does pragmatics study?
c.It deals with how speakers use language in ways which cannot be predicted from linguistic knowledge alone
What is meant by the term “anaphora”?
a.The use of a word or words as a substitute for a previous linguistic unit when referring back to the thing, person, happening, etc., denoted by the latter.
What is meant by the term “antecedent”? 101
b.A word or words to which a following word or phrase grammatically refers back
What is meant by the term “cataphora”?
c.The use of a pronoun or other pro-form to point forward to a later word
What does the difference between coherence and cohesion?
a.In the process of coherence the set of relationships within a text that link sentences by meaning, but cohesion is grammatical or lexical relationships that bind different parts of a text together
What is meant by “deixis”?
b.The process of indicating time and place in realtion to the utterance, or features of the language collectively that do this
What is meant by the term “implicature”?
a.The pragmatic implications of an utterance, possibly not mentioned in the words at all. On the basis that speaker and listener are cooperating and aiming to be relevant, a speaker may well imply something that he or she does not actually even refer to, confident that the listener will understand.
How can be expalined pure and impure deictics?
a.Pure deictics are used independently, i.e. they are not followed by words naming entities. To impure deictics which, beside their deictic meaning, additionally express gender distinctions.
What is given information?
d.the addressee knows of the existence of the entity 102
How is information generated by the speaker?
a.given information is generated in an appropriate environment: a non-linguistic (physical), a linguistic (textual), and a culturally shared (epistemic) environment
What is the difference between given and new information?
a.given information is shared information and new information is what the speaker thinks the addressee does not know about the given entity
What is the difference between theme and rheme?
c.the entity which serves as the point of departure for the message is referred to as the theme and what is said about it is referred to as the rheme
What conversation features can you point out?
c. turn-taking, monitored (regulated), non-monitored
What disfluencies occur in a conversation?
d.disfluencies such as ehm, um, mm, ah, er used to indicate attention on the part of the addressee
How many are there categories of conversation?
a.2
By what speech acts can be expressed?
a.by the said syntactic patterns are direct speech acts, or basic speech acts
Which line is right for meaning act?
a.the act of producing a meaningful utterance- a locutionary act, the act of saying something by the utterance produced- an illocutionary act, and the act of affecting the addressee- a perlocutionary act
How many classifications has linguist Searle set up on illocutionary acts?
a.assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, declarations
By what devices can be realized negative politeness in English in use?
a.indirect speech acts, inclusive constructions, verbal hedges, apologetic language, honorifics
What is meant by the term “politeness”?
a.politeness is a considerable social behavior, an effective way to achieve one’s goals
What kind of politeness strategies are there?
b. positive politeness, bald on record, negative politeness, off-record
Choose the correct example for negative politeness strategy.
b.Pass the salt to my friend
What are there hedges according to maxims?
d.quality hedges, quantity hedges, relation hedges, manner hedges
What features of implicature are there?
a.conventional, conversational
What types of presupposition are there?
b.existential, factive, non-factive
What types of presuppositional triggers are there in pragmatic literature?
a.referring phrases, factive verbs, non-factive verbs, phasal verbs, expression of repetition, expressions of temporal relations, cleft clauses, comparative structures, counterfactual conditions, questions 104
What features of presupposition are there?
a.presuppositions remain constant under negation, presuppositions can be projected (inherited), accommodation of presuppositions, presuppositions can be cancelled
What is the role of speaker in a linguistic situation?
b.in a linguistic situation, the speaker generally creates a situation with a view to helping the addressee to identity he or she is presenting
Which sentence does refer to an entity which known to neither?
a.I can take a journal
What is meant by the term “reference”?
d.relationship between one expression and another or between an expression and what is spoken of
What is meant by the term “theme”?
c.primarily a nominal clause beginning with that or where that could be inserted, relative clauses are not always included in this category. Appositional clauses beginning with that may not be included
What does text linguistics study?
b.the study of a communicative text, rather than grammatical sentences as the basis for language analysis
What is difference between substitution and co-reference?
a.substitution differs from co-reference. In substitution, pro-forms replace other words, in co-reference the pro-form refers to the very same referent
What does pragmatics study?
b.the branch of linguistics dealing with language use
Match the entity and given correct example to it:
c.known to neither (e.g. I can see a dog).
What is meant by the term “discourse”?
a.a connected stretch of language usually bigger than a sentence and particularly viewed as interaction between speakers or between writer and reader
What does linguistic pragmatics study?
c.linguistic pragmatics which is concerned with the use of language in the situation
What are the deictic expressions?
c.deictic expressions are used by the speaker to refer to or identify entities in both non-linguistic and linguistic situations
Complete the sentence. Reference has two……..in modern linguistics.
Senses
Find the reference to the following sentence: Donald Trump is to visit in Ireland.
A)Donald Trump
Complete the sentence with suitable words or phrases. All references is made in a situation(………and …………)
A)linguistic/non-linguistic
.………….is the initial referring expression.
A)Antecedent
Find the noun phrases that are generally expressed Entities?
A) conventionally/non-conventionally
Complete the sentence. Above the level of the sentence, we are dealing with pragmatics, including meaning that is…
inferred based on contextual factors rather than being conventionally associated with a particular utterance.
What is linguistic pragmatics?
Pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms.
What is the advantage of studying language via pragmatics?
The advantage of studying language via pragmatics is that one can talk about people’s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals and the kinds of actions (e.g., requests) that they are performing when they speak.
Complete the sentence. Linguistic pragmatics focuses on…
the speaker, his or her intended meaning, and the addressee and his or her interpretation of the speaker’s meaning.
How many types of meaning did P. Grice distinguish used by the speaker?
2
What types of meaning did Grice distinguish used by the speaker?
literal and implicative
Who wrote the monograph “How to Do Things with Words”?
Austin
Who introduced the term “pragmatics”?
Ch. Morris
Who discovered Cooperative Principle?
P. Grice
Find the meaning of the word “deixis”.
A pointing, indicating
What is deixis?
A it refers to a word or phrase that shows the time, place or the sutiation a speaker is in when talking
I wish you had been here