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acetate) solvents and high-boiling non-polar (pine oil) and polar (butyl digol acetate) solvents. Of
course, a wetting agent and anti-settling agent also belong in the pigment dispersion. The level-
ling agent is added to finish the formulation. Application of the primer surfacer to primed test
panels is followed by flash-off and stoving for 15 minutes at 165 °C. The resultant film thickness
is 35 µm. The Erichsen indentation test yields a figure of more than 9 mm, the hardness (Persoz)
is 149 s, and stonechip resistance is ranked 2 on the Ford scale.
3.5.4 Application
Primer surfacers applied by electrostatic high-performance spray guns are typically applied at a
flow rate of 240 ml/minute, and a bell speed of 33,000 per minute. For pneumatic application by
high-performance spray guns, 4.5 bar and a flow rate of 350 ml/min are needed. The conveyor
belts move at speeds of between 2 and 10 m/min, and typically at 4.5 m/min. Nowadays, appli-
cation is nearly fully automated. After a short flash-off zone, the car body is transported into
the stoving oven for 15 to 30 minutes at 160 to 170 °C. There is usually little need for corrective
measures after cooling. However, it is common practice to clean the surface of the primer surfacer
before the topcoat is applied. A genuinely exotic cleaning machine comprising a rotating wheel
covered with ostrich feathers is used for this. Figure 3.5.12 shows the principle work flow in the
primer-surfacing segment of an OEM application line.
Some car producers lower the stoving temperatures for primer surfacers to 130–140 °C (low-stove
primer surfacers). There are melamine resins available which are sufficiently reactive at such tem-
peratures; in addition, acid catalysts can be added to accelerate crosslinking. However, it is much
more difficult to achieve optimum crosslinking of blocked polyisocyanates at these temperatures.
Of course, the requisite stonechip resistance can only be expected if the polyisocyanates become
involved in the crosslinking. There are other products capable of supporting the required flex-
ibility, e.g. polyurethanes, but they are not really a substitute.
In this connection, it must be pointed out that it makes sense for the stoving temperatures
to decrease with the number of applied layers. If low-stove primer surfacers (stoved at 130 to
140 °C) are covered with topcoats which also are stoved at 130 to 140 °C, the primer surfacer is
exposed to the same temperature again, when it has already been crosslinked in the previous
step. The development of low-stove primer surfacers is not so easy. The product needs to be suf-
ficiently reactive at low temperatures, but it must also be stable if it is stoved at that temperature
again. It must not decrease in flexibility, nor become discoloured or lose other properties. In
addition, the material has to offer overlapping stability at ambient temperatures, even though
it is more reactive.
Figure 3.5.12: Process flow in a primer-surfacing segment
Automotive
OEM coatings