Structure of saturated polyesters Saturated polyesters employed in automotive coatings are crosslinkable. The functional groups for
crosslinking are hydroxyl groups. The only exception is the polyesters used for powder coatings
– they contain crosslinkable carboxyl groups. The hydroxy polyesters are more or less branched
molecules. They have number average molecular weights of 800 to 4000 g/mol. The molecular
weights are dictated by two parameters: the molecular ratio of polyols to polycarboxylic acid, and
the degree of condensation. The higher the molecular weight and the higher the degree of branch-
ing the broader is the molecular weight distribution. Highly branched polyesters can therefore
only be realized with relatively small average molecular weights (number average). Attempts to
prepare such polyesters with high molecular weights lead to gelation
[86]
. That means, due to the
broad molecular weight distribution, some molecules strive to become infinite in size, although
the average molecular sizes are still relatively low
[89]
. Nevertheless, the molecular weight distri-
bution is always narrower than the results suggested by statistical calculations. The reason is the
balance maintained between polyester molecules of different size by transesterification reactions,
which generate more molecules of average size. Most theoretical calculations only take account
of the esterification reaction.
Polyesters for primer surfacers Polyesters for primer surfacers are crosslinked amino resins and blocked polyisocyanates. For the
crosslinking reaction, they have hydroxyl values of 80 to 140 mg KOH/g. The acid values are 10 to
20 mg KOH/g. If the quantity of hydroxyl and acid groups of polyesters is measured by titration
against sodium hydroxide solution, the values are defined by that quantity of potassium hydroxide
(KOH in mg) which is equivalent to the hydroxyl or acid groups contained in 1 g polyester resin. To
illustrate: if a polyester has an average molecular weight of 2000 g/mol and a hydroxyl value of
112 mg KOH/g, each average polyester molecule contains 4 free hydroxyl groups. The acid groups
do not participate in the aforementioned crosslinking reactions, but they catalyse the reaction
between the hydroxyl groups and the functional groups of amino resins.
Since polyesters for primer surfacers must contribute to stonechip resistance, they contain suf-
ficient quantities of building blocks that confer flexibility. However, the polyesters must not be
overly soft as that would reduce topcoat holdout. Since primer surfacers are sometimes sanded,
the resins must provide adequate hardness to accommodate this. Polyesters for solvent-borne
primer surfacers are diluted with high-boiling aromatic hydrocarbons. Sometimes the delivery
form contains small quantities of more polar solvents, such as glycol ethers and glycol ether
acetates. The solids content of delivery forms are usually between 50 and 70 % by weight.
Primer surfacers