Astronomy and mathematics Plan

Astronomy and mathematics
Plan:
1. The science of astronomy and its origins

2. The relevance of astronomy to other sciences and the importance of its study.

3. Visible States of lamps. Constellations.
1. Astronomy is a science that studies the movement, structure, origin and development of celestial bodies and their systems. The knowledge that he overcomes is applied to the practical needs of mankind.

The question "astronomy “consists of the words of the Greek”astron “-star,” nomos" - law. Astronomy, like all other sciences, arose on the basis of the practical needs of society.The buds of astronomy existed several thousand years ago in Babylon, Egypt, China, India and other Eastern and Western countries.

In the IX-XV centuries, large astronomical observatories were built and put into operation in the countries of the middle and Middle East and Central Asia. Famous scholars such as Al-Battani, Al-Fergani, Al-Khorezmi, Abul-Wawa Buzjani, Abu Mahmud Khujandiy, Abdurahman as-Su ' and Ibn Yunus worked in them. In particular, Al-Bani summarized the achievements of Greek astronomy, and identified some data on the Lunar movement. The work "basics of Astronomy", written by Al-Fergani, goes through a specific encyclopedia service from astronomy for that period. Abul-Wafa became known to the world with his discoveries about the moon and its movements, works on measuring the length of the Earth's Meridian. More than 40 works of the famous Uzbek scientist Abu Rayhon Beruni, who lived and worked in the X-XI centuries, have reached US. In the work of the scientist "chronology", the calendar systems related to the different periods of almost all peoples of Europe and Asia are described in detail, in which the basics of these calendars and the ways of their transition from one to another are fully covered.

The works of Beruni "Geodesy", "law of the Goddess" and "science of the stars" are devoted to astronomy, in which a lot of information on the movements of The Sun, Moon and planets, several methods of measuring the Earth's surface are presented. Beruni's follower Omar Hayyom also expressed a number of philosophical thoughts about the universe and developed a solar calendar with incredibly great accuracy.

In the 15th century Ulugbek, another great representative of eastern astronomy, launched the largest astronomical observatory in the world in Samarkand. During the several decades of the Observatory's work, a school of astronomy was formed in Kazizo, consisting of such well-known scientists as Rumi, Ghiyosiddin Jamshid Koshiy and Ali Qushchi.

Since September 11, 1873, the news of the beginning of astronomical observations in the Tashkent observatory was published in the press. At that time Tashkent observatory was called Tashkent astronomy and Physics Observatory and was established in the military-topography Department of the Military District of Turkistan.

By the decision of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan from September 1, 1966 Tashkent astronomical observatory was called The Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Under the Institute of astronomy, several powerful astronomical observation devices were launched one after the other, and large laboratory departments such as "exact time Service", "solar physics", "physics of variable stars" were formed.

In 1919, in connection with the completion of its activities, the Chorjoy international latitude station located in the territory of Central Asia offered to continue the International latitude service of the Tashkent Astronomical Observatory in the city of Kitab (Kashkadarya region), which is located in the same parallel with the Chorjo. The government of Uzbekistan supported this proposal, in 1928 began the construction of 2 stans of international width from a wide 3908 km southwest of Kitob. At this station, in a short time, several special telescopes were launched, dozens of well-known scientists began to work in the form of the International latitude service.

In 1960-ies, scientific workers of the Tashkent Observatory searched for a place with good astro-climatic conditions from the mountainous regions of Central Asia and Asia, and found it in the mountains of parsley, which is about 3000 meters above sea level, about a hundred kilometers from the book. Soon there, the largest Astrophysical Observatory began to grow. Currently, it is one of the largest astronomical centers of the Republic, which has a number of powerful telescopes, has become an international observatory and belongs to the Institute of Astronomy of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan.Even now, astronomy is used in determining the exact time and geographic coordinates (swimming in the sea, in aviation, in Cosmonautics, in Geodesy, in cartography). Astronomy helps in the study of space and its conquest, in the development of Cosmonautics and in the study of our planetamizni standing from space. But its functions are not limited to solving these issues. Our Earth is part of the universe. The moon and The Sun create a rise and fall of ocean and sea water on Earth. Solar radiation and the change of this radiation affect the processes in the Earth's atmosphere and the vital activity of organisms. Astronomy also studies the impact of different cosmic bodies on the Earth.

2. The course of astronomy will end your physical – mathematical and natural - scientific knowledge that you will receive at school.

Astronomy of the present time is inextricably linked with mathematics and physics, biology and Chemistry, Geography, Geology and Cosmonautics, and uses the achievements of other sciences, which in turn enriches them, with the introduction of new tasks in other sciences kuchaytiradi their progress.

In the study of astronomy, it is necessary to attach importance to the expression of what data is reliable, and what scientific hypotheses can change over time. The activity of man in relation to the assimilation of space gives him great opportunities to study our native planet – the geological riches of the Earth, its nature and climate. Man, looking at the Earth from the universe, realized how much it was a dwarf, a unique and beautiful settlement. At the same time, this theoretically, he could also see the environmental, energy and demographic problems that threaten the life of our planet. In the last decades, the development of Cosmonautics has not only shown a person the way to overcome these problems on earth, but has also revealed that the Cosmonautics itself can take an active part in this work. In particular, in order to prevent the energy crisis on Earth, mankind is in great need of the help of Cosmonautics in the Prevention of major space projects that allow the use of solar energy, environmental problems that threaten life on earth.

Currently, the International Space Station, which is being built in cooperation with dozens of developed countries, is one of the first examples of “space cities” that are planned to be built in the future.

All the progress associated with the mastering of space has had a positive impact on the social life of our civilization radioelectronics development is such a useful tool

Showing a secret, there is no doubt that it will serve a great deal in solving today's problems.

Getting acquainted with the state of the biological sphere of the Earth without space, the study of its natural resources, forest and agricultural land is one of the most important tasks of Cosmonautics.

It also provides for important humanitarian goals such as the preparation of real documents on the launch of the largest devices in the space around the Earth, the liberation of humanity from energy and demographic destruction in the future. 3.Visible States of lamps.Constellations.

The mutual arrangement of the Stars changes very slowly, without special measurements,on the basis of simple observations, such changes can not be noticed for several months, even years.

In the Ancient East, people divided the bright stars of the sky into separate clusters in order to get a landmark, looking at the lamps, they called them constellations.

In 1922, the curvature lines that limit the constellations were replaced by straight lines, and some large-square constellations were divided into several constellations.

In order to find a certain constellation or star in the sky, it will first be necessary to get acquainted well with the star maps and atlases, and then with the help of them to practice much more.

Astronomy studies substances in space in situations that can not occur in laboratory conditions, and in mass, in this way it studies the physical landscape of the universe, as well as our imaginations in the judge of matter. All this is of great importance in the development of the students ' scientific imagination about nature. Astronomy also proves the infinity of the circle of knowledge of Man by showing the possibilities of a natural-scientific explanation of the origin and evolution of the Earth and other celestial bodies, in advance of the solar and lunar eclipses, the emergence of comets. Constellations. It is necessary to spend acquaintance with the sky at night without clouds, when the moon's light does not interfere with the observation of dim stars. How beautiful is the view of the Tungi Sky scattered in the twinkling stars. Stars seem to be countless. But this is how it looks, since you have not yet learned to look and find familiar gruppes of stars, which are relatively unchanged in their mutual location in the sky. Such gruppes, called Constellations, people separated thousands of years ago from this. When we say the constellation, the whole sphere of the sky within a boundary is understood. The whole sky is divided into 88 constellations, which can be found depending on the specific location of the stars.

The names of many constellations are preserved from ancient times. Some of the names are associated with Greek legends, for example, Andromeda, Perseus, Pegas, some are associated with a neck reminiscent of the forms that are formed from the intertwining of bright stars in the constellations of stars: Arrow-arc, Triangle, scales, etc.are called by names. There are such constellations, they are given the names of animals, for example, a lion (Assad), a crab (cancer), a scorpion (Scorpion). Constellations from the dome of the sky, as indicated on the cards, are found by means of imaginary eclipses, resembling their brightest stars in some form with straight lines.

At night without a moon, about 3000 stars above the horizon can be seen directly. At the moment, astronomers have determined the exact circumstances of several million stars, measured the flow of energy coming from them and compiled a list - directory of these stars.

The reason why the sky looks bluish in the daytime is that the bluish Rays contained in The Sun's rays are more scattered in the air of different densities. The sky seems to be black than the Earth is standing outside the atmosphere, in which it is possible to observe the sun and stars at the same time.

Stars have different clarity and variety: white, yellow, reddish. The more red the star, the colder it is. Our sun is a kind of yellow stars.

Ancient Arabs gave personal names to bright stars. White stars: Vega in the Lira category, Altoir in the Eagle category (they can be seen in summer and autumn), Sirius – the brightest star in the sky (it can be seen in winter); Red Stars: Betelgeyze in the Orion category and Aldebaran in the Sevres category (it can be seen in winter), Antares in the Scorpion category appear in the summer; yellow Capella in the; The brightest stars were called 1-magnitude stars in ancient times, the most dim stars, which were barely visible in autumn than direct ones, were called 6-magnitude stars. This ancient terminology has been preserved so far. The term" star size " (it is denoted by the letter m) has nothing to do with the actual dimensions of the stars, it haracterizes the flow of light coming from the stars to the Earth. It is accepted that if the difference between the mutual star sizes of the two stars is equal together, then their visible light will differ from each other in about 2,5 times. In that case, if it differs by the size of 5 stars, then the difference in clarity is exactly 100 times that of rosa. For example, 1-th size is 1000 times brighter than 6-th size stars. The present-day tracking methods make it possible to see stars that are approximately up to 25-star in size.

Accurate measurements show that the stars also have fractional and minus star sizes. For example, Aldebaran m=1,06, Vega m=0,14, Sirius m=-1,58, The Sun has the size of m=-26,80 stars.

Didactic and technical means on the subject, equipment used:

Methodical guide with projection vision, cadoscope.

Teaching methods: "smart attack", question-answer

Literature:

M.Mamadovov Astronomy: academic Lyceum and professional

textbook for colleges. 6-18 Betler

M.Mamadovov teaching book from astronomy

Control questions

1. Since When did the Tashkent Astronomical Observatory become the so-called Astronomical Institute?

2. What laboratory departments at the Institute of astronomy do you know?

3. What kind of geographic latitude is the latitude station in the book?

4. What are the main functions of astronomy?

5. Tell us about our compatriots who worked in the field of astronomy and what they did?

6. What do you know about the Ulugbek Observatory and the astrologer-scientists who created it?

Aim.uz