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reaches of the Syrdarya, from the city of Turkestan to Tashkent and to the south of it, and was
dependent on the Dzungars”[ 15, 19].
From the second half of the 18th century. Khiva khans pursued a cruel policy towards the
“lower” Karakalpaks, organizing military campaigns against the Zhanadarya and
KuvandaryaKarakalpaks. “In 1810, as a result of several military campaigns, Khan Muhammad-
Rakhim completed the subordination of the Aral Karakalpaks and conducted thorough military
and diplomatic training in Zhanadarya. By persuasion and threats, he managed to achieve a
peaceful period under the rule of Khiva, two clans of Karakalpaks, led by biys. At the end of
1810 The power of the Khiva Khan was recognized by the Karakalpaks who remained in
Zhanadarya "[13, 27]. Thus, the “lower” Karakalpaks were finally conquered by the Khiva khans
in 1810. Before the conquest of the Khiva Khanate by Russia, the Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, and
Turkmens were part of the Khiva Khanate.
The Karakalpaks, like the Kazakhs, retained their tribal structure. The tribal system of the
Karakalpaks of the lower reaches and the delta of the Amudarya was based on the division into
two parts:
aysol-tortru and ayskongrat
.
Arysol-tortru
was divided into four tribes: Kytai,
Kypshak, Keneges, Mangyt, which settled on the right bank of the Amudarya, in the basin of the
Kegeili canal. In 1901, out of 72,050 people. only 5,000 ol-tartru lived on the left bank of the
Amudaryawithin the Khiva Khanate [16, 37].
ArysKongrat was divided into two parts -
shulluk
and
zhaungyr
. “The bulk of the population
belonging to this department was concentrated in the northern part of the delta, on the lands
adjacent to the Aral Sea, as well as on the left bank of the Amudarya, in the Kungrad and
Chumikeevsky (Shumanai) backstates of the Khiva Khanate. According to Girshfeld and Galkin,
in 1901 of the total number of 42,000 Karakalpaks, there were 27,400 Kongrat in the
Amudaryadepartment, and 14,600 in the Khiva Khanate” [16, 38].
According to the census of 1897, 93,215 Karakalpaks lived in the Amudarya department of the
Syrdarya region, 11,056 in the Fergana region, and 20 thousand people in the Khiva Khanate
[17, 390].
As can be seen from the data presented, a small Karakalpak people, but their numbers, are
scattered among the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Turkmens. Meanwhile, he retained his national
identity and state independence in the Aral Sea region.
T.A. Zhdanko paid much attention to tribal divisions of the Karakalpaks in her long-term
ethnographic research “Essays on the historical ethnography of the Karakalpaks”, the author
describes in detail the tribal division of the Karakalpaks and their places of settlement and
numbers. Here are some excerpts: “Turning to the consideration of the structure of the settlement
of individual tribes Arys on Tort Uru (ol-tortru), it should be noted, first of all, the absence of
definite boundaries between the lands of the Kenges and Mangyts, the land plots and irrigation
ditches of the Ktai tribes are interspersed with the possessions of the Kipshak clans...
The Ktai tribe consists of 12 clans: 1) the demon of Sarah; 2) beksiyk; 3) kaz-ayakly; 4)
kayshily; 5) anna; 6) kuyyn; 7) ayteke; 8) sherushi; 9) aralbay; 10) manjuli; 11) bokly-ktai; 12)
kyrk. The tribe had a common for all clans tamgy-shomysh (ladle) and uranium (battle cry)
“Ultau!” the number of Ktais, according to 1912 data, is about 25,200 people.
“The Kypshak tribe includes 14 clans. The Kypshak clans are as follows: 1) Kangly; 2) Sang-
Muryn; 3) Estek; 4) Kanzhigaly; 5) Shupak; 6) Basar; 7) Tolys; 8) toads; 9) aryk; 10) zhagaltai;
ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol 10, Issue 9, September, 2021 Impact Factor: SJIF 2021 = 7.699
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