Positive degree: Comparative
degree:
Superlative
degree:
Good
Bad
Many
Much
Little
Far
Better
Worse
More
More
Lest
1) farther (masofa)
2) further (vaqt)
● further
(qo’shimcha)
The best
The worst
The most
The most
The least
1) the farthest
2) the furthest.
This film is
good
– Bu yaxshi film
This film is
better
than that film we saw yesterday – Kecha ko’rgan filmimizga
qaraganda bu film yaxshiroq ekan..
This film is
the best
of all films – Bu film barcha filmlarning eng zo’ri.
60
§. Ba’zi bir –y, -ow, -ble, -e, -er, -t, -ng
qo’shimchalari bilan tugagan ikki
bo’g’inli murakkab sifatlar qiyosiy va
orttirma darajada bir bo’g’inli sodda sifatlar
kabi daraja qo’shimchalarini oladi:
Positive degree:
Comparative
degree:
Superlative degree:
Eas
y
– oson, yengil
Earl
y
– erta, barvaqt
Narr
ow
– ensiz, tor
Shall
ow –
past, sayoz
No
ble
–
olijanob,
himmatli
Strang
e
–
g’alati;
notanish
Simpl
e –
oddiy, sodda
Sampl
e –
namunali
Clev
er –
aqlli, uquvli
Straigh
t
–
to’g’ri;
rostgo’y
Stro
ng –
kuchli; ta’sirli
Easi
er
Earli
er
Narrow
er
Shallow
er
Nobl
er
Strang
er
Simpl
er
Sampl
er
Clever
er
Straight
er
Strong
er
The
easi
est
The
earli
est
The
narrow
est
The
shallow
est
The
nobl
est
The
strang
est
The
simpl
est
The
sampl
est
The
clever
est
The
straight
est
The
strong
est.
§ . “–ing” va “-ed” qo’shimchalari
Sifatlar o’zidan so’ng “-ing” va “-ed” qo’shimchalarini olishiga qarab 2
turga: belgi- hususiyat va munosabat sifatlariga bo’linadi.
1)
–ing qo’shimchasiga tugaydigan sifatlar
kishilarga, narsa- predmetlarga,
voqea- hodisalarga
nisbatan qo’llanilib,
ularning belgi- hususiyatini bildirib
keladi
.
Bunda asosan,
sifat fe’ldan yasaladi:
The book is interesting –
Bu kitob qiziqarli.
John is boring –
Jon zerikarli bola.
His progress is astonishing –
Uning yutug’i hayratlanarli.
The accident is terrifying –
Bu dahshatli voqea.
2)
–ed qo’shimchasi bilan tugaydigan sifatlar kishiga nisbatan qo’llanilib,
kishilarning biror bir narsa- predmetga, shaxsga, voqea- hodisaga bo’lgan
munosabatini ko’rsatadi:
I am interested in the book –
Bu kitob meni qiziqtirib qo’ydi
I am bored with John –
Jon meni zeriktirib yubordi.
I am astonished at (=by) his progress –
Uning muvaffaqiyati meni hayratga soldi.
I am terrefied by (=with) the accident –
Bu voqea meni dahshatga soldi.
§ . Sifatlarning gapda joylashish tartibi
Biror bir narsa- predmetning belgi- hususiyatini bir necha sifatlar orqali
ifodalamoqchi bo’lsak, asliy sifatlar quyidagi tartibda joylashadi:
Xajm + Yosh + Rang + Qayerda tayyorlangan, qayerdan +
Nimadan tayyorlangan + Ot
A tall, young, white, Russian peasant –
Uzun bo’yli, yosh, oq tanli rus dehqoni.
A tiny, old, red Russian metal box –
Ixchamgina, eski, qizil rangli rus metal qutisi.
A hugl, new, black Japan car –
Katta, yangi, qora yapon mashinasi.
A big, black cat –
Semiz qora mushuk.
A young Uzbek journalist –
Yosh o’zbek jurnalisti.
Nisbiy sifatlar esa doimo ularning oldidan qo’llanadi:
61
A clever,
tall, young, white Russian peasant.
A nice,
huge, new, black Japan car.
A bad,
big, black cat.
A talented,
young Uzbek journalist
Linking Verbs
Quyidagi fe’llar o’zidan so’ng doim sifat talab qiladi:
Feel – his qilmoq Become
Look – tuyilmoq, ko’rinmoq Get
Smell – hid taratmoq Turn ├
“bo’lmoq” ma’nosida
Sound – yangramoq Grow
Taste – ta’mi bo’lmoq
Appear / seem – ko’rinmoq, tuyilmoq
For examples:
The soup
smells good –
sho’rva yaxshi hid taratyapti
This food
tastes delicious –
bu taom juda mazali
The children
feel happy –
bolalar o’zlarini baxtli his qilishyapti
The weather
became cold –
ob-havo sovib qoldi
Compare:
That man
looks angry
– anavi
kishini jaxli chiqqanga o’xshaydi
That man
looked
at me angrily –
anavi kishi menga jaxl bilan qaradi
Birikmali fe’llar
To feel:
To feel tired – charchamoq
To feel ill – kasal bo’lmoq
To feel upset – kayfiyati tushmoq, hafa bo’lmoq
To feel bad – kasal bo’lmoq
To feel well – sog’aymoq, o’zini yaxshi his qilmoq
To feel hungry – och qolmoq
To feel thirsty – chanqamoq
To grow:
To grow old – qarimoq
To grow pale – oqarib ketmoq
To grow dark – qorong’I tushmoq
To turn:
To turn red – qizarib ketmoq
To turn pale – rangi oqarib ketmoq
To turn dark – qorong’i tushmoq
To fall:
To fall asleep – uxlab qolmoq
To fall ill – kasal bo’lmoq
To get:
To get angry – jaxli chiqmoq
To get tired – charchamoq
To get ill – kasal bo’lmoq
To get upset – hafa bo’lmoq
To get hungry – och qolmoq
To get thirsty – chanqamoq
62
To seem:
To seem angry – jaxli chiqmoq
To seem happy – xursand ko’rinmoq
To seem convinced – ishonarli ko’rinmoq
To seem displeased – norozi ko’rinmoq
To seem pleased – mamnun ko’rinmoq
To seem upset – hafa ko’rinmoq
To seem well – yaxshi ko’rinmoq, sog’lom ko’rinmoq
To seem hungry – ochga o’xshab ko’rinmoq
To seem thirsty – chanqamoq
To look:
To lookold – qari ko’rinmoq
To look angry – jaxli chiqqandek tuyilmoq
To look pale – rangi oqarib ketmoq
To tired – charchaganga o’xshamoq
To look convinced – ishonchli ko’rinmoq
To look displeased – noroziga o’xshamoq
To look well – sog’lom ko’rinmoq
To look hungry – och qolmoq
To look thirsty – chanqamoq
To look stout – semirmoq
To shabby - eskirmoq
ADVERB
(Ravish)
Ravish, asosan, gapda fe’l bilan bog’lanib, o’sha fe’l ifodalagan ish- harakatning
belgisini ko’rsatib keladi ya’ni ishlarning qay tarzda, qayerda, qachon, qay darajada
bajarilganligini ko’rsatadi. Shunga ko’ra ravishlar 4 guruhga bo’linadi:
1)
Adverbs of Manner – Harakat tarzi ravishi
2)
Adverbs of Place – O’rin- joy ravishi
3)
Adverbs of Time – Payt ravishlari
4)
Adverbs of Measure – Daraja- miqdor ravishlari
Adverbs of Manner
Harakat tarzi ravishi, gapda fe’l bilan bog’lanib, fe’l ifodalagan ish- harakatnig qay
tarzda, qanday qilib, qay holatda bajarilishini ko’rsatadi va How? (qanday) so’roq
olmoshi bilan analiz qilinadi.
Ingliz tilida, harakat tarzi ravishi sifatlarga –ly ravish yasovchi qo’shimcha
qo’shish orqali yasaladi:
Adjective
Adverb
Calm – bosiq, vazmin:
Smith is calm man- Smit vazmin
kishi
Open – ochiq:
I see an open window- men ochiq
derazani
ko’ryapman
Slow – sekin:
This is a slow car- bu sekin yuradigan
mashina
Calmly – vazminlik bilan, bosiqlik
bilan:
He explained to me the situation
calmly- u menga vazminlik bilan
tushuntirib berdi.
Openly – ochiqchasiga:
He told me this openly- u menga
buni ochiqcha aytdi (How did he tell
you this?)
Slowly – sekinlik bilan, sekin:
He runs slowly- u sekin yuguradi
(How does
he run?)
63
Ba’zi bir sifatlar, sifat holatida ham, ravish holatida ham bir xil ko’rinishda
bo’ladi ya’ni ularga –ly ravish yasovchi qo’shimcha qo’shilmaydi. Agar ularga –
ly sifat yasovchi qo’shimchasi qo’shilsa, ularning ma’nosi butunlay o’zgarib
ketadi yoki noto’g’ri bo’ladi:
Adjective
Adverb
Hard – qattiq; og’ir;
qiyin:
Hardly – zo’rg’a,
bazo’r:
He is working hardly- u
zo’rg’a ishlayapti.
A hard life- og’ir
hayot.
I work hard- men
qattiq ishlayman.
Late – kech:
Lately – keyingi
paytlarda:
I haven’t worked lately –
men keyingi paytlarda
ishlamadim.
A late hour- kech
soat.
I came late- men
kech keldim.
Fast – tez:
Fastly ×
Soonly ×
A fast car – tez
yuradigan mashina.
I run fast- men tez
yuguraman.
NOTE: Ingliz tilida ba’zi bir sifatlar ham –ly qo’shimchasi bilan tugaydi:
Friendly – do’stona Lively - bebosh
Lovely – sevimli Silly - axmoq
Elderly – ulug’ Lonely – yolg’iz
For examples:
Friendly advice – do’stona maslahat
A lovely son – sevimli qo’shiq
A silly friend – axmoq do’st
An elderly man – ulug’ kishi
A lively boy – bebosh bola
A lonely woman – yolg’iz ayol
Adverbs of Place
O’rin- joy ravishlari,
fe’l bilan bog’lanib, fe’l ifodalagan ish- harakatning
bajarilish o’rnini va joyini ko’rsatib keladi va
Where?
(qayerda) so’roq olmoshi bilan
analiz qilinadi:
Here – bu yerda
There – u yerda
Somewhere / anywhere – biror yerda
Everywhere – hamma yerda
Nowhere – hech yerda
I work
here.
Where
do you work? – Men bu yerda ishlayman. Siz qayerda
ishlaysiz?
I saw him
there.
Where
did you see him? – Men uni u yerda ko’rdim. Siz uni
qayerda ko’rdingiz?
Adverbs of Time
Payt ravishlari,
gapda fe’l bilan bog’lanib, fe’l ifodalagan ish- harakatning
bajarilish paytini, vaqtini ko’rsatib keladi.
Payt ravishlari 2 turga bo’linadi:
1)
Qat’iy vaqtni ko’rsatuvchi payt ravishlari;
2)
Noqat’iy vaqtni ko’rsatuvchi payt ravishlari;
64
3)
Qat’iy vaqtni ko’rsatuvchi payt ravishlari, ish- harakatning aniq bir
vaqtda bajarilishini ko’rsatib when? (qachon) so’rog’iga javob bo’ladi:
Today- bugun Last week (month, year) – o’tgan hafta
Yesterday- kecha Next week (month, year) – kelasi hafta
Tomorrow- erta Late – kech
Now / currently- hozir …ago - …oldin.
4)
Noqat’iy vaqtni ko’rsatuvchi payt ravishlari ish- harakatning mavhum va
noaniq paytini ko’rsatib How often? (qancha vaqtda, qanchalik tez- tez)
so’rog’iga javob bo’ladi:
Often / frequently – tez tez
Seldom / rarely – kamdan kam
Usually – odatda
Sometimes – ba’zan, ba’zida
Always – har doim
I
often
meet my friends.
How often
do you meet your friends? – Men do’stlarim
bilan tez- tez ko’rishib turaman. Siz qanchalik tez- tez do’stlariz bilan ko’rishib
turasiz?
I
seldom
go to the cinema.
How often
do you go to the cinema? – Men kamdan-
kam kinoga boraman. Siz qanchalik tez- tez kinoga borib turasiz?
Adverbs of Measure
Daraja- miqdor ravishi,
gapda fe’l bilan bog’lanib, ish- harakatning bajarilish
darajasining kam yoki ko’pligini ko’rsatib keladi va
How much?
(qancha) so’rog’i
bilan analiz qilinadi:
Much / a lot – ko’p
Little / a little – kam
For examples:
I work
much
(= I work
a lot
) – Men ko’p ishlayman.
He works
little
– U kam ishlaydi.
Ravishlarda daraja
Ravishlarda daraja qo’shimchalari sifatlarniki kabi qo’shiladi
ya’ni bir
bo’g’inli sodda ravishlarga qiyosiy darajada
–er,
orttirma darajada
–est
qo’shimchasi
qo’shiladi. Ko’p bo’g’inli murakkab ravishlar oldidan qiyosiy darajada
“more”,
orttirma darajada esa
“most”
daraja qo’shimchalari qo’shiladi:
Positive degree
Comparative degree
Superlative degree
Fast- tez:
Sarah runs fast – Sara
tez yuguradi
Slowly – sekin:
John drives slowly –
Jon sekin haydaydi
Faster – tezroq:
Sarah runs faster than
me – Sara menga
qaraganda tezroq
yuguradi
More slowly –
sekinroq:
John drives more
slowly than me – Jon
menga qaraganda sekin
haydaydi
Fastest – juda tez:
Sarah runs fastest all the
runners in our group –
Sara guruhimizda
barchadan tez yuguradi
Most slowly – juda
sekin:
John drives most slowly
– Jon juda sekin haydaydi
Ravishlarda teng daraja: As + oddiy daraja ravishi + as
I know English
as well as
Nick- men ingliz tilini Nikdek yaxshi bilaman.
65
He sings Italian songs
as well as
Toto- u italiancha qo’shiqlarni Toto kabi yaxshi
kuylaydi.
I run
as fast as
Jack- men Jek kabi tez yuguraman.
His car runs
as slowly as
a tortoise- uning mashinasi toshbaqadek sekin yuradi.
Noto’g’ri ravishlar
Noto’g’ri ravishlar oddiy darajadan qiyosiy yoki orttirma darajaga o’tganda daraja
qo’shimchalarini olmaydi, balki ularning o’zaklari o’zgarib ketadi:
Positive degree
Comparative
degree
Superlative degree
Well
Badly
Much
Little
Better
Worse
More
Less
Best
Worst
Most
Least
I know English
well
– men ingliz tilini yaxshi bilaman.
I know English
better
than Nick – men ingliz tilini Nikka nisbatan yaxshiroq
bilaman.
I know English
best
of all in the group – Guruhimizda men ingliz tilini eng yaxshi
bilaman.
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