Arakin 4 kurs new 001 176. indd

Legal procedure:
to file a complaint/a countercomplaint, to 
answer/challenge the complaint; to notify the defendant of the lawsuit; 
to bring a lawsuit; to take legal actions; to bring the case to court; the 
presumption of innocence, to put the burden of proof on the prosecu-
tion, a court-appointed lawyer ( defence), to bring evidence before a 

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grand jury; preliminary hearing (the purpose of a preliminary hearing 
is to determine whether the prosecution has enough evidence to jus-
tify further criminal proceedings against the accused), to indict smb. 
for felony, indictment (a preliminary stage of a formal charge that would 
follow only if the grand jury determined the person might have com-
mitted a crime); to charge with a crime, to issue a subpoena (a command 
to a witness to appear and give testimony in court); to issue a warrant 
of arrest (a search warrant), to detain a person, to be held in police 
custody, to release on bail; to go before the court, to read the charges 
against the person, to enter a plea of ‘guilty’ or ‘not guilty’; to pend a 
court hearing, to make an opening statement; the prosecution; the 
defence; to examine a witness — direct examination, cross-examination; 
to present evidence (direct, circumstantial, relevant, material, irrele-
vant, admissible, corroborative, documentary, hearsay); to register (to 
rule out, to sustain) an objection; circumstances (aggravating, extenu-
ating); to give testimony, to cross-examine witnesses; to bring in the 
verdict of ‘guilty’, to pass sentence, the sentence hearing; to bring in 
the verdict of ‘not guilty’, to acquit a person.
6. 
Penalties or sentences
: a death penalty, a life sentence, jail time 
(a jail sentence), fines, medical treatment, community service, resti-
tution to the victim, probation; to send smb. to the penitentiary/jail; 
to impose a sentence on smb; to serve a sentence; a penitentiary 
term — a term of imprisonment (life, from 25 years to a few months 
imprisonment); probation, to be on probation, to place an offender 
on probation, a probation officer; to grant parole ( offenders serving 
a prison sentence are often released on parole either before their sen-
tence is over or at the end of their time served); to release smb. on 
parole, to be eligible for parole, a parole officer.
7.