Anis H. Bajrektarevic is a Professor and a Chairperson for International Law and Global



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315795943-Central-Asia-Special-Report

MODERNDIPLOMACY.EU


When it comes to military and security relations,
a trend is visible that the Central Asian countries
seek closer defense cooperation with Russia.
Russia’s closest military and political ally in Cen-
tral Asia is Kazakhstan. Russia leased an area of
11 million hectares based on a bilateral agree-
ment. In 1995, Russia and Kazakhstan signed
significant border protection agreements. Rus-
sia still leases Kazakhstan’s Baikonur Cosmod-
rome which often launches Russian Proton-M
rockets.
Kyrgyzstan is a very important outpost for the
Russian forces as Russia has a military presence
at Kant Airbase; Russia does not pay rent for
Kant airbase and has leased Kant airbase until
2032. A 2013, EurasiaNet article states that Kant
Airbase was “designated as a base for the Col-
lective Security Treaty Organization’s [(CSTO)]
new Collective Air Forces, assuming that struc-
ture in fact gets built.”[129] The long presence
of the base and the eviction of the U.S. Airbase
demonstrated the strong Kyrgyz-Russian rela-
tionship. 
Cooperation between Russia and Tajikistan is
legally based on more than 150 treaties and
agreements and Russia is for Tajikistan the main
supplier of military equipment. The legal coop-
eration between Russia and Turkmenistan is
based on the concluded treaty on “joint meas-
ures to create the armed forces of Turk-
menistan” in 1992. 
This was a guarantee by Moscow to secure Turk-
menistan. Bilateral relations between Russia
and Uzbekistan are legally based with more
than 200 treaties and agreements. After the col-
lapse of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan was one
of the most active partners in the fields of secu-
rity and defense with Russia. This has changed
over the years in terms of regional security
structures. Both countries are focused on anti-
terror and counter-terrorism measures and
work on this issue unilaterally and bilaterally. 
The Russian Diaspora holds much clout among
the major external players in Central Asia, being
the most significant role and the longest histor-
ical development. The first wave of Russian set-
tlement took place in the end of the 19th
century and during the Soviet Union millions
flooded Central Asia in order to work in the es-
tablished factories and to develop agricultural
structures. The 1953 Virgin Lands Program was
a program that relocated two million Russian,
Ukrainian, and Belarusian persons to Kaza-
khstan, which caused Kazakhstan’s non-Kazakh
population to skyrocket. The campaign was
aimed at increasing the Soviet Union’s agricul-
tural production to address issues negatively af-
fecting food security in Russia. Kazakhstan has
the most ethnic Russians which account for
nearly 22% of its population: the total esti-
mated population of Kazakhstan is 17.6 million
and Russians account for 4.6 million.

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