Anglo-German Naval Rivalry

PRE-WWI - SECONDARY SOURCES: ARTICLES

Anon, “The French Fleet in the Mediterranean, August 1-7, 1914”, Naval Review, vol. 7, (1919).

Bovykin, V., “The Franco-Russian Alliance”, History, vol. 64, (1979), pp. 20-35.

Clowes, W. L., “The Millstone Round the Neck of England”, The Nineteenth Century, vol. 37, no. 217, (1895).

Dewar, A. C., “Winston Churchill at the Admiralty”, Naval Review, vol. 11, (1923).

Dockrill, M, “David Lloyd George and Foreign Policy Before 1914”, in Taylor, A. J. P. (Ed.), David Lloyd George: Twelve Essays, (London, 1971).

Dockrill, M., “British Policy during the Agadir crisis of 1911”, in Hinsley (Ed.), British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey, (Cambridge, 1977).

D’Ombrain, N., “Churchill at the Admiralty and the C.I.D., 1911-1914”, R.U.S.I. Journal, vol. CXV, (1970).

Ekstein, M., “Sir Edward Grey and Imperial Germany in 1914”, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 6, no. 3, (1971).

French, D., “Spy Fever in Britain, 1900-1915”, Historical Journal, 21, 2, (1978), pp. 355-70.

Gooch, J., “Soldiers, Strategy and War Aims in Britain 1914-1918”, in Hunt & Preston (Eds.), War Aims and Strategic Policy in the Great War, (London, 1977).

Hatton, P. H. S., “The First World War, Britain and Germany in 1914, The July Crisis and War Aims”, Past and Present, vol. 36, (1967), pp. 138-143.

Jarausch, K. H., “The Illusion of Limited War: Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg’s Calculated Risk, July 1914”, Central European History, vol. 2, (1969).

Jordan, G. H., “Pensions not Dreadnoughts”, in Morris, A. J. A. (Ed.), Edwardian Radicalism 1900-1914, (London, 1974).

Kennedy, P. M., “Fisher and Tirpitz: Political Admirals in the Age of Imperialism”, in Jordan, G. (Ed.), Naval Warfare in the Twentieth Century, (London, 1977).

Koch, H. W., “The Anglo-German Alliance Negotiations: Missed Opportunity or Myth?”, History, vol. LIV, (1969).

Lambert, N., “British Naval Policy, 1913-1914: Financial Limitation and Strategic Revolution”, The Journal of Modern History 67 (September 1995), pp. 595-626.

Lambert, N., “Admiral Sir John Fisher and the Concept of Flotilla Defence, 1904-1909”, The Journal of Military History 59 (October 1995), pp. 639-60.

Langhorne, R., “The Naval Question in Anglo-German Relations, 1912-1914”, Historical Journal, vol. XIV, 2, (1971), pp. 359-70.

Lee, H. I., “Mediterranean Strategy and Anglo-French Relations, 1908-1912”, The Mariner’s Mirror, 57, (1971).

Mackay, R. F., “Historical Reinterpretations of the Anglo-German Naval Rivalry, 1897-1914”, in Jordan, G. (Ed.), Naval Warfare in the Twentieth Century, (London, 1977).

Röhl, J. C. G., “Admiral von Müller and the Approach of War, 1914-1918”, The Historical Journal, XII, 4, (1969), pp. 651-73.

Steiner, Z., “The Foreign Office under Sir Edward Grey, 1905-1914”, in Hinsley (Ed.), British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey, (Cambridge, 1977).

Steiner, Z., “The Foreign Office and the War”, in Hinsley, ibid.

Sumida, J. T., “Sir John Fisher and the Dreadnought: The Sources of Naval Mythology”, The Journal of Military History, 59 (October 1995), pp. 619-38.

Towle, P., “The evaluation of the experience of the Russo-Japanese War”, in Ranft (Ed.), Technical Change and British Naval Policy, 1860-1939, (London, 1977).

Trumpener, U., “War Premeditated? German Intelligence operations in July 1914”, Central European History, no. 9, (1976).

Turner, J., “Cabinets, Committees and Secretariats: the Higher Direction of War”, in Burk, K. (Ed.), War and the State, (London, 1982).

Turner, L. C. F., “The Russian Mobilization in 1914”, in Kennedy, P. M. (Ed.), The War Plans of the Great Powers, (London, 1980).

Wells, A., “Naval Intelligence and decision making in an era of technical change”, in Ranft (Ed.), Technical Change and British Naval Policy 1860-1939, (London, 1977).

Williams, B., “The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907”, The Historical Journal, IX, 3, (1966), pp. 360-73.

Williams, B., “Great Britain and Russia, 1905 to the 1907 Convention”, in Hinsley (Ed.), British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey, (Cambridge, 1977).

Wilson, H. H., “Mr Churchill and Lord Fisher at the Admiralty”, National Review, June 1923.

Wilson, H. H., “The Admiralty versus The Navy”, The Nineteenth Century and after, vol. 49, (1901).

Wilson, K. M., “To the Western Front: British War Plans and the ‘Military Entente’ with France before the First World War”, British Journal of International Studies, vol. 3, (1977), pp. 151-68.

Wilson, K. M., “The British Cabinet’s Decision for war, 2 August 1914”, British Journal of International Studies, vol. 1, (1975), pp. 148-59.

Wilson, K., “The Agadir Crisis, the Mansion House speech, and the Double-Edgedness of Agreements”, Historical Journal, XV, 3, (1972), pp. 513-32.

Wilson, K., “Grey”, in Wilson, K. (Ed.), British Foreign Secretaries and Foreign Policy, (Kent, 1987).

Wilson, T., “Britain’s ‘Moral Commitment’ to France in August 1914”, History, vol. 64, (1979), pp. 380-90.

69C7

B.W.E. Alford, Britain and the World Economy since 1880 (1996).

P.M.H. Bell, France and Britain 1900-1940. Entente and Estrangement (1996): France and Britain 1940-1994. The Long Separation (1997).

P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 (1993).

S. Greenwood, Britain and European Co-operation since 1945 (1992).

S. Pollard, The Development of the British Economy (1992).

D. Reynolds, Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the 20th Century (1991).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: SECONDARY SOURCES

The following is a selected listing of the most important books and articles. It is by no means exhaustive and students are encouraged to seek out supplementary reading. On the other hand, there is not time to read all the material relevant to the course, and students are encouraged to seek advice.

GENERAL: Part I: 1919-1939

(a) Economic

B.W.E. Alford, Britain and the World Economy since 1880 (1996).

P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 (1993).

R. Floud and D. McCloskey (eds), The Economic History of Britain since 1700, Vol. 2 (1994), chs. 12-15.

J. Foreman-Peck, A History of the World Economy: International Economic Relations since 1850 (1983).

M.W. Kirby, The Decline of British Economic Power since 1870 (1981).

M.W. Kirby, 'Institutional rigidities and economic decline: reflections on the British experience', Economic History Review, vol. 45 (1992), pp. 637-660.

W. A. Lewis, Economic Survey 1919-1939 (1949).

A.S. Milward, The Economic Effects of Two World Wars on Britain (1990).

D. Moggridge, Keynes (1976).

P.K. O'Brien 'Britain's Economy between the Wars: a Survey of a Counter-revolution in Economic History', Past and Present, no. 115 (1987), pp. 107-30.

G. C. Peden, Keynes, the Treasury and British Economic Policy (1988).

G. C. Peden, British Economic and Social Policy (1991).

S. Pollard, The Development of the British Economy (1992).

(b) Political

C. Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (1972).

C. J. Bartlett, British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century (1989).

R. Blake, The Decline of Power, 1915-1964 (1985).

M. E. Chamberlain, 'Pax Brittanica'? British Foreign Policy. 1789-1914 (1988).

D. Dilks (ed.), Retreat from Power: Studies in British Foreign Policy of the 20th Century. Vol. I. 1906-1939 (1981).

R. Holland, The Pursuit of Greatness. Britain and the World Role, 1900-1970 (1991).

M. Howard, The Continental Commitment (1972).

P. Kennedy, The Realities behind Diplomacy. Background Influences on British External Policy, 1865-1980 (1981).

P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1989).

F. S. Northedge, The Troubled Giant. Britain among the Great Powers, 1916-1939 (1966).

B. Porter, Britain, Europe and the World, 1850-1982 (1983).

D. Reynolds, Britannia Overruled. British Policy and World Power in the 20th Century (1991).

J. W. Young, Britain and the World in the Twentieth Century (1997).

GENERAL: Part II: 1939-1975

(a) Economic

Alford (1996); Cain and Hopkins (1993); Foreman-Peck (1983); Kirby (1981 & 1992); Milward (1990); Pollard (1992) - see Part I.

B. W. E. Alford, British Economic Performance 1945-1975 (1988).

Alec Cairncross, The British Economy since 1945 (1992).

R. Floud and D. McCloskey (eds), The Economic History of Britain since 1700, Vol. 2 (1994), chs. 12-15.

Andrew Graham and Anthony Seldon (eds.), Government and Economies in the Postwar World: Economic policies and Comparative Performance 1945-85 (1990).

M. M. Postan, An Economic History of Western Europe, 1945-1964 (1967).

Herman Van Der Wee, Prosperity and Upheaval: The World Economy 1945-1980 (1987).

(b) Political

Bartlett (1989); Blake (1985); Holland (1991); Kennedy (1981 & 1989); Northedge (1974) and Reynolds (1991) - see Part I.

C. J. Bartlett, 'The Special Relationship'. A Political History of Anglo-American Relations since 1945 (1992).

D. Dilks, Retreat from Power. Studies in Britain's Foreign Policy of the Twentieth Century. Volume II. After 1939 (1981).

M. Dockrill and J.W. Young (eds.), British Foreign Policy, 1945-1956 (1989).

K. Morgan, The People's Peace. British History 1945-1989 (1990).

D. Sanders, Losing an Empire, Finding a Role. British Foreign Policy since 1945 (1990).

PART I: 1918 - 1939

1. BRITAIN AS A WORLD POWER BEFORE 1914

AND THE IMPACT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

(See Chamberlain, Part III; Howard, chs. 1 & 2; Kennedy, The Realities, chs. 1-3; Reynolds, chs. 1-4 - in general reading.)

P. M. H. Bell, France and Britain 1900-1940. Entente and Estrangement (1996).

J. M. Bourne, Britain and the Great War, 1914-1918 (1989).

R. E. Bunselmeyer, The Cost of the War: British Economic War Aims and the Origins of Reparation (1975).

K. Burk, Britain, America and the Sinews of War, 1914-1918 (1985).

P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, Innovation and Expansion 1688-1914 (1993), part 4, ch. 14.

K. J. Calder, Britain and the Origins of the New Europe, 1914-1918 (1975).

'Debate: The Costs and Benefits of British Imperialism, 1846-1914', Past and Present, no. 125 (November 1989).

P. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860-1914 (1982), Parts IV and V.

C. J. Lowe and M. L. Dockrill, The Mirage of Power. Vol. I. 1902-1914 (1972).

P. K. O'Brien, 'The Costs and Benefits of British Imperialism, 1846-1914', Past and Present, no. 120 (August 1988).

H. J. Nelson, Land and Power. Britain and Allied Policy on Germany's Frontiers, 1916-1919 (1973).

V. J. Rothwell, British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy, 1914-1918 (1971).

D. Stevenson, The First World War and International Politics (1988), ch. 3(ii), ch. 5.

Z. Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War (1977).

S. R. Williamson, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 1904-1914 (1969).

P. Yearwood, 'Great Britain and the Repartition of Africa, 1914-19', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 18 (no. 3, October 1990), pp. 316-341.

2. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919-20

(See Nelson (topic 1) and Stevenson(1), ch. 6).

P. M. H. Bell, France and Britain 1900-1940. Entente and Estrangement (1996).

M. L. Dockrill and J. D. Goold, Peace without Promise. Britain and the Peace Conferences, 1919-1923 (1981).

E. Goldstein, Winning the Peace: British Diplomatic Strategy, Peace Planning and the Paris Peace Conference, 1916-1920 (1991).

P. C. Helmreich, From Paris to Sèvres. The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 (1974).

L. S. Joffe, The Decision to Disarm Germany. British Policy towards Post-War German Disarmament (1985).

Journal of Modern History, vol. 51 (March 1979) - articles by Macdougall, Maier, Trachtenberg.

B. Kent, The Spoils of War. The Politics, Economics and Diplomacy of Reparations, 1918-1932 (1989).

A. Lentin, Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson and the Guilt of Germany (1984).

C. J. Lowe and M. L. Dockrill, The Mirage of Power. Vol. 2. 1914-1922 (1972).

E. Mantoux, The Carthaginian Peace (1944).

S. Marks, 'The Myths of Reparations', Central European History, 11 (3, 1978), pp. 231-255.

D. E. Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: an Economist's Biography, chs. 12 and 13.

A. Orde, British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War (1990).

A. Sharp, The Versailles Settlement. Peacemaking in Paris, 1919 (1990).

D. Stevenson, French War Aims against Germany, 1914-1919 (1982).

M. Trachtenberg, Reparation in World Politics. France and European Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (1980).

3. ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE 1920s

D. Aldcroft, From Versailles to Wall Street, 1919-1929 (1977).

P. Clarke, The Keynesian Revolution in the Making 1924-1936 (1988).

Stephen V. O. Clarke, The Reconstruction of the International Monetary System: The attempts of 1922 and 1933 (1973).

Frank C. Costigliola, 'Anglo-American financial rivalry in the 1920s', Journal of Economic History, vol. 37 (1977), pp. 911-34.

Barry Eichengreen, Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression 1919-1939 (1992).

W. R. Garside, British Unemployment, 1919-1939 (1990).

Susan Howson, Domestic Monetary Management in Britain 1919-38 (1975), chs 1-4.

M. E. F. Jones, 'The regional impact of an overvalued pound in the 1920s', Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 38 (1985), pp. 393-401.

J. M. Keynes, Collected Writings, vol. 4, A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923 - reprinted 1971).

K. G. P. Matthews, 'Was sterling overvalued in 1925?', Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 39 (1986), pp. 572-587.

D. E. Moggridge, British Monetary Policy 1924-1931 (1972).

E. V. Morgan, Studies in British Financial Policy, 1914-1925 (1952).

A. C. Pigou, Aspects of British Economic Policy, 1918-1925 (1947).

L. S. Pressnell, '1925: the burden of sterling', Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 31 (1978), pp. 67-88.

J. Redmond, 'The sterling overvaluation in 1925: a multilateral approach', Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 37 (1984), pp. 520-532.

J. Redmond, 'Was sterling overvalued in 1925? A comment' and K. G. P. Matthews, 'Was sterling overvalued in 1925? A reply and further criticism', Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 42 (1989), pp. 87-96. - A debate on Matthews (1986) and Redmond (1984).

R. S. Sayers, The Bank of England 1891-1946 (1976), vol. 1.

4. ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE 1930s

See Clarke (1988), Eichengreen (1992), Garside (1990), from topic 3 and Peden (1988) in General Economic reading.

A. Booth, British Economic Policy 1931-49: Was there a Keynesian Revolution? (1989).

F. Capie and M. Collins, 'The extent of British economic recovery in the 1930s', Economy and History, vol. 23 (1980), pp. 40-60. Photocopy in library (6913 section).

P. Clarke, 'The Treasury's analytical model of the British economy between the wars', in M.O. Furner and B. Supple (eds), The State and Economic Knowledge (1990).

Patricia Clavin, 'The World Economic Conference 1933: the failure of British internationalism', Journal of European Economic History, vol. 20 (1991), pp. 489-527

I. Drummond, Imperial Economic Policy, 1917-1939 (1974).

I. Drummond, The Floating Pound and the Sterling Area (1981).

Susan Howson, Domestic Monetary Management in Britain 1919-38 (1975), chs 4-7.

S. Howson, Sterling's Managed Float: The Operations of the Exchange Equalisation Account, 1932-39 (1980).

S. Howson and D. Winch, The Economic Advisory Council 1930-1939 (1977).

M. Kitson and S. Solomou, Protectionism and Economic Revival (1990).

R. Middleton, Towards the Managed Economy (1985).

G. C. Peden, 'The "Treasury view" on public works and employment in the inter-war period', Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 37 (1984), pp. 167-181.

J. Redmond, 'An indicator of the effective exchange rate of the pound in the nineteen-thirties', Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 33 (1980), pp. 83-91.

G. D. N. Worswick, 'The Sources of Recovery in the U.K. in the 1930s', National Institute Economic Review, No. 110, Nov. 1984, pp. 85-93.

5. IMPERIAL DEFENCE, 1919-39

(See Barnett and Howard (General))

B. Bond, British Military Policy between the Two World Wars (1980).

U. Bialer, The Shadow of the Bomber: The Fear of Air Attack and British Politics, 1932-1939 (1980).

J. Ferris, 'Treasury Control, The Ten Year Rule and British Service Policies, 1919-1924', Historical Journal, vol. 30 (4, 1987), pp. 859-883.

J. Ferris, The Evolution of British Strategic Policy, 1919-26 (1989).

N. H. Gibbs, Grand Strategy. Vol. I. Rearmament Policy, 1933 to September 1939 (1977).

M. A. Gordon, British Sea Power and Procurement between the Wars: A Reappraisal of Rearmament (1988).

K. Jeffrey, The British Army and the Crisis of Empire, 1918-1922 (1984).

K. Middlemas, The Diplomacy of Illusion. The British Government and Germany, 1937-1939 (1972).

J. Neidpath, The Singapore Naval Base and the Defence of Britain's Eastern Empire, 1919-1941 (1981).

G. C. Peden, British Rearmament and the Treasury, 1932-1939 (1979).

G. C. Peden, 'The Burden of Imperial Defence and the Continental Commitment Reconsidered', Historical Journal, vol. 27 (2, 1984), pp. 405-423.

G. C. Peden, 'Keynes, the Economics of Rearmament and Appeasement', in W. Mommsen and L. Kettenacker (eds), The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement (1983).

S. Roskill, Naval policy between the Wars. Vol. I (1968) and Vol. II (1976).

R. P. Shay, British Rearmament in the 1930s: Politics and Profits (1977).

M. Smith, British Air Strategy between the Wars (1984).

W. K. Wark, 'British intelligence on the German aircraft industry, 1933-39', Historical Journal, vol. 25 (1982), pp. 627-48.

6. BRITAIN AND THE FAR EAST, 1918-1941

(Cain & Hopkins, ch. 10)

Gill Bennett, 'British policy in the Far East 1933-1936: Treasury and Foreign Office', Modern Asian Studies, vol. 26 (1992) pp. 545-568

R. A. Dayer, Bankers and Diplomats in China, 1917-1925. The Anglo-American Relationship (1978).

S. L. Endicott, Diplomacy and Enterprise. British China Policy, 1933-1936 (1975).

M. G. Fry, Illusions of Security. North Atlantic Diplomacy, 1918-1922 (1973).

P. Haggie, Britannia at Bay: The Defence of the British Empire against Japan, 1931-1941 (1981).

B. A. Lee, Britain and the Sino-Soviet War, 1937-1939 (1973).

W. R. Louis, British Strategy in the Far East, 1919-1939 (1971).

P. Lowe, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War: a Study of British Policy in East Asia, 1937-1941 (1977).

W. D. McIntyre, The Rise and Fall of the Singapore Naval Base (1979).

J. Neidpath, The Singapore Naval Base and the Defence of Britain's Eastern Empire, 1919-1941 (1981).

A. Shai, The Origins of the War in the East. Britain, China, Japan, 1937-39 (1979).

C. Thorne, The Limits of Foreign Policy. The West, the League and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1931-1933 (1972).

C. Thorne, 'The Shanghai Crisis of 1932: The Basis of British Policy', American Historical Review, vol. 85 (5, 1970), 1616-1639.

A. Trotter, Britain and East Asia, 1933-1937 (1976).

7. BRITAIN, THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE MEDITERRANEAN IN THE 1930s

(See also Middlemas (5) and Northedge (1))

G. W. Baer, The Coming of the Italian Ethiopian War (1967).

M. Ceadel, 'The First British Referendum: the Peace Ballot, 1934-35', English Historical Review, vol. 95 (October, 1980), pp. 810-839.

A. L. Goldman, 'Sir Robert Vansittart's Search for Italian Co-operation against Hitler', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 9 (3, 1974), pp. 93-130.

F. Hardie, The Abyssinian Crisis (1974).

A. Marder, 'The Royal Navy and the Ethiopian Crisis of 1935/36', American Historical Review, vol. LXXV (5, 1970), pp. 1327-1356.

Norton Medlicott, 'The Hoare-Laval Pact Reconsidered', in David Dilks (ed.), Retreat from Power: Studies in Britain's Foreign Policy, vol. 1 (1981).

Gaines Post, Dilemmas of Appeasement: British Deterrence and Defense, 1934-1937, part 2.

L. R. Pratt, East of Malta. West of Suez. Britain's Mediterranean Crisis, 1936-1939 (1975).

R. Quartoraro, 'Imperial Defence in the Mediterranean on the Eve of the Ethiopian Crisis (July - October 1935)', Historical Journal, vol. 20 (1, 1977).

J. C. Robertson, 'The British General Election of 1935', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 9 (1, 1974), pp. 149-164.

J. C. Robertson, 'The Hoare-Laval Plan', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 10 (3, 1975), pp. 433-464.

S. Roskill, Hankey, Man of Secrets. Vol. III, 1931-63 (1974).

T. Stannage, Baldwin Thwarts the Opposition. The British General Election of 1935 (1980).

D. Waley, British Public Opinion and the Abyssinian War, 1935/36 (1975).

8. BRITAIN AND EUROPE IN THE 1920s

(See also Bell (2),Kent (2), Orde (2), Trachtenberg (2))

D. Carlton, Macdonald versus Henderson: the Foreign Policy of the Second Labour Government, 1929-1931 (1969).

F. L. Carsten, Britain and the Weimar Republic (1984).

A. Cassels, 'Repairing the Entente Cordiale and the New Diplomacy', Historical Journal, vol. 23 (1, 1980), pp. 133-153.

Peter Catterall and Christine Morris (eds.), Britain and the Threat to Stability in Europe, 1918-47 (1993).

D. Dutton, Austen Chamberlain. Gentleman in Politics (1985).

M. Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (1966).

C. Hall, Britain, America and Arms Control, 1921-1937 (1987).

J. Jacobson, Locarno Diplomacy (1973).

J. Lowe, The Great Powers, Imperialism and the German Problem 1865-1925 (1994).

S. Marks, The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918-1923 (1976).

D. Marquand, Ramsay Macdonald (1979).

W. A. McDougall, France's Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914-1924 (1978).

B. J. McKercher, The Second Baldwin Government and the United States, 1924-1929. Attitudes and Diplomacy (1984).

J. G. McKerchar (ed.), Anglo-American Relations in the 1920s: The Struggle for Supremacy (1991).

F. Magee, '"Limited liability"? Britain and the Treaty of Locarno', Twentieth Century British History, vol. 6 (1995), pp. 1-22.

K. Middlemas and J. Barnes, Baldwin (1969).

K. L. Nelson, Victors Divided: America and the Allies in Germany, 1916-1934 (1975).

A. Orde, Great Britain and International Security, 1920-1926 (1978).

S. A. Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe: the Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan (1976).

N. Waites, Troubled Neighbours. Franco-British Relations in the 1920s (1971).

D.G. Williamson, The British in Germany 1918-1930: the Reluctant Occupiers (1991).

9. BRITAIN AND EUROPE IN THE 1930s

(See Barnett [General], Bell (2), Catterall and Morris (8), Howard [General], Kennedy (1989) [General], Middlemas and Barnes (8), Middlemas (5), Post (7).

D. Carlton, Eden (1981).

M. Cowling, The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy (1976).

David Dilks, '"We Must Hope for the Best and Prepare for Worst": The Prime Minister, the Cabinet and Hitler's Germany, 1937-1939', Proceedings of the British Academy, 73 (1987), pp. 309-52. Photocopy in RBR (6913 section).

R. Douglas, In the Year of Munich (1977).

R. Douglas (ed.), 1939: A Retrospect Forty Years After (1983).

J. Edwards, The British Government and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 (1979).

J. T. Emerson, The Rhineland Crisis, 7th March 1936: A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy (1979).

Neil Forbes, 'London banks, the German standstill agreements, and "economic appeasement" in the 1930s', Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 40 (1987), pp. 571-87.

F. Reid Gannon, The British Press and Germany, 1936-1939 (1971).

M. Gilbert and R. Scott, The Appeasers (1967).

C. Hill, Cabinet Decisions on Foreign Policy: The British Experience October 1938 - June 1941 (1991).

L. Kettenacker and W. T. Mommsen (eds), The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement (1983).

C. A. Macdonald, The United States, Britain and Appeasement, 1936-1939 (1981).

R. Manne, 'The British Decision for Alliance with Russia', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 9 (3, 1974), pp. 3-26.

W. Murray, The Change in the European Balance of Power 1938-39 (1984).

J. F. Naylor, Labour's International Policy. The Labour Party in the 1930s (1969).

S. Newman, March 1939: The British Guarantee to Poland (1976).

S. Newton, Profits of Peace: The Political Economy of Anglo-German Appeasement (1996).

R. Ovendale, 'Appeasement' and the English Speaking World (1975).

R. A. C. Parker, Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War (1993).

G. C. Peden, 'A Matter of Timing: the Economic Background to British Foreign policy, 1938-39', History, vol. 69 (225, 1984), pp. 15-28.

A. R. Peters, Anthony Eden at the Foreign Office, 1931-1938 (1986).

A. J. Prazmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front (1987).

J. L. Richardson, 'New Perspectives on Appeasement: Some Implications for Internation Relations', World Politics, vol. 40, no. 3 (1988).

W. R. Rock, Chamberlain and Roosevelt. British Foreign Policy and the United States, 1937-1940 (1988).

G. Schmidt, The Politics and Economics of Appeasement. British Foreign Policy in the 1930s (1986).

D. C. Watt, How War Came (1989).

SUPPLEMENTARY SECONDARY SOURCES

2. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919-20

E. Kedourie, England and the Middle East. The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1921 (1956).

A. J. Mayer, Politics and the Diplomacy of Peacemaking (1967).

W. A. Macdougall, France's Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914-1924 (1978).

M. Trachtenberg, 'Versailles after Sixty Years', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 17 (3, 1982), pp. 487-506.

3. ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE 1920s

H. Barkhai, 'Productivity patterns, exchange rates, and the gold standard restoration debate of the 1920s', History of Political Economy, vol. 25 (1993), pp. 1-37.

S. Broadberry, 'The emergence of mass unemployment: explaining macroeconomic trends in Britain during the trans-World War I period', Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 43 (1990), pp. 271-282.

N. F. R. Crafts, 'Long-term Unemployment and the Wage Equation in Britain, 1919-1939', Economica, vol. 56, no. 222 (1989).

M. E. Falkus, 'United States economic policy and the "dollar gap" of the 1920s', Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 24 (1971), pp. 599-623.

S. Glynn and A. Lougheed, 'A comment on United States economic policy and the "dollar gap" of the 1920s', Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 26 (1973), pp. 692-4. (A response to Falkus).

D. E. Moggridge, Maynard Keynes, An Economist's Biography (1992).

D. E. Moggridge, The Return to Gold (1969).

R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour (1992).

J. Tomlinson, Problems of British Economic Policy (1981), esp. chs 4-7.

S. Woolcott, 'Keynes versus Churchill: revaluation and British unemployment in the 1920s', Journal of Economic History, vol. 53 (1993), pp. 601-628.

4. ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE 1930s

F. Capie, 'The British tariff and industrial protection in the 1930s',Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 31 (1978), pp. 399-409.

J. Humphries, 'Inter-war housebuilding, cheap money and building societies: the housing boom revisited', Business History, vol. 29 (1987), pp. 325-45.

H. W. Richardson, Economic Recovery in Britain 1932-9 (1967).

R. Sayers, The Bank of England 1891-1944, vol. 2.

D. Winch, Economics and Policy (1969). See also his contribution to Charles Feinstein (ed.), The Managed Economy (1983).

5. IMPERIAL DEFENCE, 1919-39

R. Callahan, 'The Illusion of Security: Singapore, 1919-1942', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 9 (2, 1974), pp. 69-92.

David Edgerton, England and the Aeroplane (1991).

M. G. Fry, Illusions of Security. North Atlantic Diplomacy, 1918-1922 (1973).

P. Haggie, Britannia at Bay: The Defence of the British Empire Against Japan 1931-1941 (1981).

J. Hattendorf and R. Jordan (eds), Maritime Strategy and the Balance of Power (1989).

W. D. McIntyre, The Rise and Fall of the Singapore Naval Base (1979).

K. Middlemas & J. Barnes, Baldwin (1969), chaps 13, 27-29.

R. A. C. Parker, 'British rearmament, 1936-1939: Treasury, trade unions and skilled labour', English Historical Review, vol. 96 (1981), pp. 306-43.

R. A. C. Parker, 'The pound sterling, the American Treasury and British preparations for war 1938-1939', English Historical Review, vol. 98 (1983), pp. 261-279.

G. C. Peden, 'Sir Warren Fisher and British Rearmament against Germany', English Historical Review, vol. 94 (January 1979), pp. 29-47.

S. Roskill, Hankey, Man of Secrets. Vol. II, 1919-1931 (1972); Vol. III, 1931-63 (1974).

8. BRITAIN AND EUROPE IN THE 1920s

M. Gilbert, Sir Horace Rumbold (1973).

J. Jacobson and T. Walter, 'The Impulse for a Franco-German Entente: the Origins of the Thoiry Conference', Journal of Contemporary History vol. 10 (1, 1975), p. 157-181.

M. F. Leffler, The Elusive Quest. America's Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919-1933 (1979).

H. Winkler, 'The Emergence of a Labour Foreign Policy in Great Britain, 1918-1929', Journal of Modern History, 28 (1956).

9. BRITAIN AND EUROPE IN THE 1930s

R.J.Q. Adams, British Appeasement and the Origins of World War II (1994).

A. Aulach, 'Britain and the Sudeten Issue, 1938: The Evolution of a Policy', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 18 (2, 1983), pp. 233-259.

H. Ben-Israel, 'Cross-Purposes: British Reactions to the Anti-Nazi Opposition', Journal of Contemporary History, 20 (3, 1985).

J. Charmley, Chamberlain and the Lost Peace (1989).

A. J. Crozier, Appeasement and Germany's Last Bid for Colonies (1988).

M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill. Volume V. 1922-1939 (1976).

R. R. James, Anthony Eden (1986).

D. Lammers, 'From Whitehall after Munich: The Foreign Office and the Future Course of British policy', Historical Journal, vol. 16 (4, 1973), pp. 831-856.

R. Manne, 'The Foreign Office and the Failure of Anglo-Soviet Rapprochement', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 16 (4, 1981), pp. 725-755.

D. Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937-1941 (1981).

N. Rose, Vansittart. Study of a Diplomat (1978).

M. Thompson, The Anti-Appeasers (1971).

C. Thorne, The Approach of War, 1930-1939 (1968).

PART II: 1939 - 1975

1. THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

Statistical Digest of the War (1951), Q40.53 A2

Sir R. Clarke, Anglo-American Economic Collaboration in War and Peace 1942-1949 (1982).

John Fforde, The Bank of England and Public policy 1941-1958 (1992).

R. N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy (1956) parts 1-3.

H. D. Hall, North American Supply (1955).

W. K. Hancock and M. Gowing, British War Economy (1949).

M. Harrison, 'Resource mobilization for World War II: the U.S.A., U.K., U.S.S.R. and Germany, 1938-1945', Economic History Review, vol. 41, no. 2 (1988), pp. 171-92.

R.M. Hathaway, Ambiguous Partnership: Britain and America, 1944-1947 (1981).

A. S. Milward, War, Economy and Society 1939-1945 (1977).

L. S. Pressnell, British Economic Policy since the War (1986), vol. 1.

David Reynolds, 'Competitive co-operation: Anglo-American relations in World War Two', Historical Journal, vol. 23 (1980), pp. 233-45.

R. S. Sayers, Financial Policy 1939-1945 (1956).

A. P. Thirlwall (ed.), Keynes and International Monetary Relations (1976).

A. Van Dormael, Bretton Woods (1978).

R. B. Woods, A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941-46 (1990).

2. BRITAIN AND THE COLD WAR, 1941-49

See also Woods (1)

T. H. Anderson, The United States, Great Britain and the Cold War, 1944-1947 (1981).

E. Barker, The British between the Superpowers, 1945-50 (1984).

P. M.. H. Bell, France and Britain 1940-1994. The Long Separation (1997).

Gill Bennett (ed.), The End of the War in Europe in 1945 (1996).

P. M. Bell, John Bull and the Bear: British Public Opinion, Foreign Policy and the Soviet Union, 1941-1945 (1990).

A. Bullock, The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin. Volume III. Foreign Secretary (1983).

John Charmley, Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940-57 (1995).

S. Croft, The End of Superpower: British Foreign Office Conceptions of a Changing World, 1945-51 (1993)

A. Deighton (ed.), Britain and the First Cold War (1990).

A. Deighton, The Impossible Peace: Britain, the Division of Germany and the Origins of the Cold War (1990).

M. Dockrill, The Cold War, 1945-1963 (1988).

R. Douglas, From War to Cold War, 1942-48 (1982).

R. Douglas, New Alliances, 1940-41 (1982).

R. Edmonds, Setting the Mould. The United States and Britain 1945-1950 (1986).

R. Edmonds, The Big Three. Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin in Peace and War (1991).

Foreign and Commonwealth Historians, United Kingdom, United Nations and Divided World 1946 (1995).

M. S. Gilbert, The Road to Victory. W. S. Churchill, 1941-45 (1986).

R. M. Hathaway, Ambiguous Partnership. Britain and America, 1944-1947 (1981).

F. J. Harbutt, The Iron Curtain. Churchill, America and the Origins of the Cold War (1986).

M. J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan. America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (1987).

R. R. James, Anthony Eden (1986).

John Kent, Britain and the Origins of the Cold War (1993).

M. Kitchen, British Policy towards the Soviet Union during the Second World War (1986).

M. Kitchen, 'Winston Churchill and the Soviet Union during the Second World War', Historical Journal, vol. 30 (2, 1987), pp. 415-36.

Eva Mayring, 'Foreign policy during the Cold War', German Historical Institute London Bulletin, vol. 14, no. 1 (1992), 3-13.

K. O. Morgan, Labour in Power, 1945-51 (1984).

R. Ovendale, The English-Speaking Alliance. Britain, the US, the Dominions and the Cold War, 1945-1951 (1985).

R. Ovendale (ed.), The Foreign Policy of the British Labour Governments, 1945-51 (1984).

G. Ross, 'Foreign Office Attitudes to the Soviet Union, 1941-1945', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 16 (3, 1981), pp. 521-40.

V. Rothwell, Britain and the Cold War, 1943-47 (1982).

K. Sainsbury, 'British Policy and German Unity at the End of the Second World War', English Historical Review, 94, (no. 373) (October, 1979), pp. 786-804.

United Kingdom, United Nations and Divided World 1946, Foreign and Commonwealth Historians Occasional Papers, No. 10.

Sir L. Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War (1963).

3. THE BRITISH ECONOMY, 1945-51

See also Clark(1), Fforde(1), Gardner(1) (parts 3-4), Woods(1).

Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th series, vol. 434, 10-12 March 1947 (debate on economic situation).

C. Barnett, The Lost Victory: British Dreams and British Realities 1945-1950 (1995).

P. Burnham, The Political Economy of Postwar Reconstruction (1990).

A. Cairncross, Years of Recovery: British Economic Policy 1945-51 (1985).

A. Cairncross and B. Eichengreen, Sterling in Decline (1983), chs. 1, 2 and 4.

A. Cairncross and N. Watts, The Economic Section (1989), chs. 8 and 9.

H. Dalton, High Tide and After: Memoirs (1962).

J. C. R. Dow, The Management of the British Economy 1945-60 (1964).

Gaitskell, Hugh, The Diary of Hugh Gaitskell 1945-1956 (1983), ed. Phillip Williams, chs. 4 & 5.

Susan Howson, British Monetary Policy, 1945-51 (1993).

D. Jay, Change and Fortune (1980), esp. ch. 7-9.

J. Jewkes, Ordeal by Planning (1948).

J. Meade, Planning and the Price Mechanism (1948).

A. S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-51 (1984).

K. O. Morgan, Labour in Power, 1945-51 (1984).

G. C. Peden, 'Economic aspects of British perceptions of power on the eve of the Cold War', in J. Becker and F. Knipping (eds.), Power in Europe? (1986).

H. Pelling, The Labour Governments (1984).

Edwin Plowden, An Industrialist in the Treasury (1989).

D. H. Robertson, 'The economic outlook', Economic Journal, Dec. 1946.

Catherine R. Schenk, Britain and the Sterling Area: from Devaluation to Convertibility (1994).

J. Tomlinson, 'The Attlee governments and the balance of payments, 1945-1951', Twentieth Century British History, vol. 2, no. 1 (1991), 47-66.

G. D. N. Worswick and P. H. Ady, The British Economy, 1945-1950 (1950).

4. THE BRITISH ECONOMY, 1951-73

See also Fforde(1), Plowden(3), Schenk.

Report of the Committee on the Working of the Monetary System (Radcliffe Report) Cmnd. 827 (1959).

R. Bacon and W. Eltis, Britain's Economic Problem: Too Few Producers (1978) [Should be read inconjunction with Blackaby (1979)].

W. Beckerman (ed.), The Labour Government: Economic Record (1972).

F. Blackaby (ed.), British Economic Policy 1960-1974 (1978).

F. Blackaby (ed.), De-industrialisation (1979).

S. Brittan, Steering the Economy (1971).

A. Cairncross (ed.), Britain's Economic Prospects Reconsidered (1971).

A. Cairncross, Years of Recovery (1985), ch. 9.

A. Cairncross and N. Watts, The Economic Section (1989), chs. 9-10.

R. E. Caves and associates, Britain's Economic Prospects (1968).

B. J. Cohen, The Future of Sterling as an International Currency (1971).

A. R. Conan, The Rationale of the Sterling Area (1961).

A. R. Conan, The Problem of Sterling (1966).

J. C. R. Dow, The Management of the British Economy 1945-60 (1964).

C. Feinstein, The Managed Economy: Essays in British Economic Policy and Performance since 1929 (1983).

D. T. Jones, 'Output, employment and labour productivity in Europe since 1955', National Institute Economic Review, No. 77, Aug. 1976.

S. Pollard, The Wasting of the British Economy (1982).

A. Shonfield, British Economic Policy since the War (1959).

5. BRITAIN AND DECOLONISATION 1945-65

Cain and Hopkins, ch. 11 (see general reading).

D. Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis (1988).

M. E. Chamberlain, Decolonisation. The Fall of European Empires (1985).

The Cambridge History of Africa. Volume 8. 1940-1975 (1984).

J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation. Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World (1988).

J. Darwin, The End of the British Empire (1991).

John Flint, 'The failure of planned decolonization in British Africa', African Affairs, vol. 82 (no. 328) (July 1983), pp. 392-413.

P. Gifford & W. R. Louis (eds.), The Transfer of Power in Africa: Decolonization, 1940-1960 (1983).

D. Goldsworthy, The Colonial Issue in British politics, 1945-1961 (1971).

H. Grimal, Decolonization: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919-1963 (1980).

J. D. Hargreaves, Decolonisation in Africa (1988).

R. F. Holland, European Decolonization, 1918-1981. An Introductory Survey (1985).

D. Judd and P. Slinn, The Evolution of the Modern Commonwealth, 1902-80 (1982).

W. R. Louis and R. Owen (eds.), Suez, 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (1989).

W. R. Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951 (1984).

W. D. McIntyre, The Commonwealth of Nations: Origins and Impact, 1869-1971 (1978).

R. Oliver, Africa Since 1800 (1967), chs. 16-21.

R. Pearce, Turning-point in Africa: British Colonial Policy, 1938-1948 (1980).

R. Pearce, 'The Colonial Office and planned decolonization in Africa', African Affairs, vol. 83 (no. 330) (January 1984), pp. 77-94.

6. BRITAIN AND THE EUROPEAN MOVEMENT, 1945-51

See Bullock(2), Bell (2), James(2), Morgan(2), Ovendale (ed.)(2).

E. Barker, Britain in a Divided Europe, 1945-1970 (1971).

J. Becker and F. Knipping (eds), Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945-50 (1986).

Brian Brivati and Harriet Jones (eds.), From Reconstruction to Integration: Britain and Europe since 1945 (1993).

M. Dockrill, British Defence since 1945 (1988).

S. Dockrill, Britain's Policy for West German Rearmament, 1950-1955 (1991).

David Ellwood, Rebuilding Europe: Western Europe, America and Postwar Reconstruction (1992).

M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill. Vol. VIII. Never Despair (1945-65) (1986).

Sean Greenwood, Britain and European Cooperation since 1945 (1992).

W. R. Louis and H. Bull, The Special Relationship. Anglo-American Relations since 1945 (1986).

P. B. Manderson Jones, The Special Relationship. Anglo-American Relations and Western European Unity, 1947-1956 (1972).

T. Moon, European Integration in British Politics, 1950-1963. A Study of Issue Change (1986).

R. Morgan, West European Politics since 1945 (1972).

David Reynolds, 'Britain and the New Europe: the search for identity since 1940', Historical Journal, vol. 31, no. 1 (1988), pp. 223-39.

Frederico Romero, 'Interdependence and integration in American eyes: from the Marshall Plan to currency convertibility', in Alan Milward et al., The Frontier of National Sovereignity (1993).

F. Roy Willis, France, Germany and the New Europe 1945-1967 (1968).

J.W. Young, Britain, France and the Unity of Europe, 1945-51 (1984).

J.W. Young, Britain and European Unity, 1945-92 (1993).

J.W. Young (ed.), The Foreign Policy of Churchill's Peacetime Administration, 1951-1955 (1988).

J.W. Young, 'Churchill's "No" to Europe: the Rejection of European Union by Churchill's Post-War Government, 1951-52', Historical Journal, vol. 28 (no. 4, 1985), pp. 923-37.

7. BRITAIN AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY, 1951-73

See Brivati and Jones(6), Bell (2) (6), Dockrill(6), Gilbert(6), Greenwood(6), Louis and Bull(6), Moon(6) Young(6).

M. Camps, Britain and the European Community, 1955-1963 (1964).

Ennio Di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe? vol. 2, Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC 1952-1957 (1992).

N. Fisher, Harold Macmillan. A Biography (1982).

N. Fisher, Iain Macleod (1973).

S. George, Britain and European Integration since 1945 (1991).

A. Horne, Macmillan. Vol. 1. 1894-1956 (1988) and vol. 2 1957-86 (1989)

W. Kaiser, 'To join or not to join: the 'Appeasement' policy of Britain's first EEC application', B. Brivati and Harriet Jones (eds.), From Reconstruction to Integration: Britain and Europe since 1945 (1993).

Martin Schaad, 'Plan G - a 'counterblast'? British policy towards the Messina countries, 1956', Contemporary European History, vol. 7 (1998), 39-60.

P. M. Williams, Hugh Gaitskell. A Political Biography (1979).

K. Young, Sir Alec Douglas-Home (1970).

J. W. Young, '"The parting of the ways"? Britain, the Messina conference and the Spaak Committee, June-December 1955', in M. Dockrill and J. W. Young (eds), British Foreign Policy 1945-56 (1989).

SUPPLEMENTARY

2. BRITAIN AND THE COLD WAR, 1941-49

G. M. Alexander, The Prelude to the Truman Doctrine: British Policy in Greece, 1944-47 (1982).

S. E. Ambrose, The Rise to Globalism. American Foreign Policy, 1938-1970 (1971).

E. Barker, British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War (1976).

Sir Alexander Cadogan, The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 1938-1945, ed. David Dilks (1971).

D. Carlton, Anthony Eden: a Biography (1981).

John Charmley, The End of Glory (1993).

D. S. Clements, Yalta (1970).

M. Dockrill, British Defence since 1945 (1988).

G. V. Kacewicz, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the Polish Government in Exile (1939-1945) (1979).

Curtis Keeble, Britain and the Soviet Union, 1917-1989 (1990).

W. Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, 1945-1966 (1973).

J. Louis, Changing Direction: British Military Planning for Post-War Strategic Defence, 1942-1947 (1988).

V. Mastny, Russia's Road to the Cold War (1979).

S. M. Miner, Between Churchill and Stalin: the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the Origins of the Grand Alliance (1989).

D. Reynolds, 'The Origins of the Cold War: The European Dimension, 1944-1951', Historical Journal, vol. 28, no. 2 (1985), pp. 497-515.

G. Ross (ed.), The Foreign Office and the Kremlin. British Documents on Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1941-1945 (1984).

T. Sharp, The War-Time Alliance and the Zonal Division of Germany (1975).

4. THE BRITISH ECONOMY, 1951-73

D. MacDougall, Don and Mandarin: Memoirs of an Economist (1987).

5. BRITAIN AND DECOLONISATION, 1945-65

Keith Kyle, Suez (1991).

W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the U.S. and the Suez Crisis (1991).

PRIMARY SOURCES

GENERAL

Some of the documents used will be copies of the originals held in the Record Office, London. These papers were originally held in the Cabinet Office, the Foreign Office, the Prime Minister's Office or the Treasury.

Other are taken from collections of printed official papers:

Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1^st series, series 1A, 2^nd series, and 3^rd series, covering the interwar period.

Documents on British Policy Overseas, series 1 and series 2, dealing with the period since 1945.

British Documents on the End of Empire: The Labour Government and the End of Empire, 1945-1951, ed. Ronald Hyam (1992), parts 1-4, and The Conservative Government and the End of Empire, 1951-1957, ed. David Goldsworthy (1994), parts 1 & 2.

Some are from printed collections of private papers:

The Austen Chamberlain Diary Letters, ed. Robert Self.

Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, ed. Elizabeth Johnson and Donald Moggridge.

Companion volumes to Martin Gilbert's biography of Winston S. Churchill.

(Both the Churchill and Keynes collections have copies of official papers from the time they were in Whitehall, Churchill as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1924 to 1929, and Keynes as a Treasury official in the First World War and an economic adviser to the Chancellor in the Second World War.)

Some are from published diaries of leading officials in Whitehall:

The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 1939-1945, ed. David Dilks. Cadogan was Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office.

The Robert Hall Diaries 1947-53 and 1954-61, 2 vols., ed. Sir Alec Cairncross. Hall first was Director of the Economic Section and then Economic Adviser to HM Government from 1947 to 1961.

There are Parliamentary Papers published by the Government which contain official views and data.

The memoirs of Winston Churchill, History of the Second World War, vol. 1 (1948), and Harold Macmillan's memoirs, Riding the Storm 1956-59 (1971) and Pointing the Way 1959-61 (1972) include extracts from contemporary sources such as letters and speeches, and in Macmillan's case, his diary.
Students are not required to do research at the Public Record Office but they should read the documents listed against each topic as a minimum, and read more widely in the collections from which extracts have been drawn. They should also seek out additional published memoirs and diaries in the library.

SOURCE FOR TOPICS

Abbreviations:

JMK Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes

DBFP Documents on British Foreign Policy

PART 1

1. No document.

2. J.M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1920) - vol. 2 in JMK (189pp.).

3. Memoranda by Winston Churchill, Sir Otto Niemeyer, and Montagu Norman, 29 January to 2 February 1925, relating to prospective return to gold standard (reproduced in D.E. Moggridge, British Monetary Policy 1924-1931, pp. 260-72).

J.M. Keynes, 'The Economic Consequences of Mr Churchill' (1925), in JMK, vol. 9, pp. 207-30.

4. J.M. Keynes, 'The Means to Prosperity' (1933), in JMK, vol. 9, pp. 335-66.

Treasury's 'Questions for Keynes', March 1933 (notes on 'The Means to Prosperity' for Chancellor to use in interview with Keynes), Treasury papers, T175/17 (6 pp.).

5. 'Defence Expenditure in Future Years', interim report by the Minister for Co-ordination of Defence, 15 December 1937, Cabinet Office papers Cab24/273 (16 pp.).

6. Sir C. Eliot to Lord Curzon, 17 June 1920, memorandum by Sir B. Alston, 1 August 1920, and Sir Auckland Geddes to Lord Curzon, 3 December 1920, DBFP, 1^st series, vol. 14, pp. 42-48, 81-86 and 187-9.

Winston Churchill to Stanley Baldwin, 15 December 1924, in M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 5, Companion (Part 1), pp. 303-7.

Memorandum by Sir Warren Fisher on defence requirements and naval strategy, 19 April 1934, DBFP, 2^nd series, vol. 13, pp. 924-30.

7. Memorandum by Sir R. Vansittart for Sir S. Hoare, 16 June 1935, DBFP, 2^nd series, vol. 14, pp. 315-7.

Telegram from Sir E. Drummond for Sir S. Hoare, 24 June 1935, ibid., pp. 329-33.

Note by Sir S. Hoare on his conversation in Paris, 8 December 1935, DBFP, 2^nd series, vol. 15, pp. 427-32.

Minute by Sir R. Vansittart on the position of sanctions, 25 April 1936, DBFP, 2^nd series, vol. 16, pp. 358-60.

Memoranda by Mr Eden and Foreign Office, 11 and 10 June 1936, ibid., pp. 492-501.

8. Sir Austen Chamberlain to his sister Ida, 2 and 31 October 1925, in The Austen Chamberlain Diary Letters, ed. Robert Self, pp. 280-3.

Foreign Office memorandum respecting the Locarno Treaties, 10 January 1926, DBFP, series 1A, vol. 1, pp. 1-17.

9. Winston Churchill, History of the Second World War, vol. 1, The Gathering Storm (1948), pp. 224-33, 238-40, 272-3, 283-94.

The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 1938-1945, ed. David Dilks, pp. 97-111 (12-30 September 1938), pp. 175-81 (18 April - 19 May 1939), and 189-91 (20 June - 8 July 1939).

Sir William Seeds (Moscow) to Lord Halifax, 6 March 1939, with enclosures about political, military and economic strengths and weaknesses of Soviet regime, DBFP, 3^rd series, vol. 4, pp. 188-99.

Earl of Perth (Rome), 24 March 1939, ibid., p. 492.

Lord Halifax to Sir H. Kennard (Warsaw), 24 March 1939, ibid., 500-503.

PART 2

1. 'Overseas Financial Policy in Stage III', by Keynes, May 1945, JMK, vol. 24, pp. 256-65 and 270-5.

'Our Overseas Financial Prospects', by Keynes, 13 August 1945, circulated by Hugh Dalton, 14 August, Documents on British Policy Overseas, series 1, vol. 3, pp. 27-37. (Also reprinted in JMK, vol. 24, pp. 398-411.

Circular No. 022 by Ernest Bevin, 11 March 1946, enclosing memorandum on 'The Effect of our External Financial Position on our Foreign Policy', 30 March 1945, and Circular No. 028 by Bevin, 12 February 1947, enclosing memorandum with same title, Foreign Office papers, F0371/62420 (15 pp.).

2. Papers relating to the Conference at Potsdam, 1945: brief for U.K. Delegation at Potsdam, 11 July; memorandum by Sir Orme Sargent, 11 July; Cabinet conclusions 12 July; brief on Treatment of Germany as an Economic Unit, 13 July; Letter from Anthony Eden to U.S. Secretary of State (about Poland), 16 July; Eden to Churchill, 17 July, and Clement Attlee to Eden, 18 July, Documents on British Policy Overseas, series 1, vol. 1, pp. 172-3, 181-7, 231-2, 256-60, 315-6, 352-4, 363-4.

3. Economic Survey for 1947 (Cmd. 7046), 36 pp.

4. The Economic Implications of Full Employment (Cmd. 9725), 13 pp., and The Robert Hall Diaries 1954-1961, entries for 8 and 9 January 1958, and 2 April 1961 (pp. 143-6, 260).

5. The Labour Government and the End of Empire, 1945-1951, ed. Ronald Hyam, part 1 (1992), pp. 120-3, 129-32, 136-41. Harold Macmillan, Pointing the Way 1959-61, pp. 116-20, 131-9, 156.

6. Bevin to Sir Oliver Harvey, 9 May 1950; note by the Minister of Defence (with annexes), memorandum by Sir I. Kirkpatrick, and note by Sir Norman Brook (with enclosures and annex), all 11 May 1950; Interim Report by Officials, 18 May 1950, and Report of the same, 2 June 1950, with extracts from minutes of Cabinet's Economic Policy Committee, 23 May 1950, and conclusions of the Cabinet, 2 June 1950, Documents on British Policy Overseas, series 2, vol. 1, pp. 1-2, 28-45, 68-72, 78-80 and 137-44.

7. Harold Macmillan, Riding the Storm 1956-59, pp. 753-4; 'Future Economic Policy: Plan G, note by the chairman of the Economic Steering Committee, 3 September 1956, T234/197; Sir Norman Brook to Prime Minister, 5 June 1958, enclosing 'The Position of the United Kingdom in World Affairs' (report by officials), Prime Minister's Office papers, PREM11/2321 (10 pp.), unsigned memorandum, December 1958, in papers of Treasury's Home and Overseas Planning Staff, T234/357 (7 pp.), and Harold Macmillan, Pointing the Way, pp. 54-56.

MUNICH 1938

Bruegel, J W Czechoslovakia before Munich: The Minority Problem and British Appeasement Policy (Cambridge, 1973)

Campbell, F G Confrontation in Central Europe: Weimar Germany and Czechoslovakia (London, 1975)

Latynski, M Reappraising the Munich Pact: Continental Perspectives (London, 1992)

Lukes, I Czechoslovakia between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Benes in the 1930s (New York, 1996)

Luza, R The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans (London, 1964)

Parker, R A C Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War (London, 1993)

Rock, W R British Appeasement in the 1930s (London, 1977)

Smelser, R M The Sudeten German Problem, 1933-1938: Volkstumspolitik and the Formation of Nazi Foreign Policy (Dawson, 1975)

Weinberg, G L The Foreigh Policy of Hitler's Germany (2 vols., Chicago, 1970-1981)

Wiskemann, E Czechs and Germans: A Study of the Struggle in the Historic Provinces of Bohemia and Moravia (2nd edn., London, 1967)
The division of Europe

N. Khruschev, Khruschev Remembers; The Last Testament, edited and translated by Strobe Talbott (Andre Deutsch, 1974)

A. Gromyko, Memories, translated by Harold Shukman (Hutchinson, 1989),

A. Bullock, Ernest Bevin, Foreign Secretary 1945-1951, Vol. 3, (Heinemann, 1983)

W.S.Churchill, The Second World War: Triumph and Tragedy, vol.6 (Cassell & Co. Ltd., 1954)

'The Sinews of Peace', Halcyon Booklet, 5, (Copyright Winston S. Churchill)

C. Andrew and O. Gordievsky, KGB: the Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (Hodder & Stoughton, 1990).

D. Acheson, Present at the Creation. My Years in the State Department (Hamish Hamilton, 1969)

E. Reale, 'The Founding of the Cominform,' in M. M. Drachkovitch and B. Lazitch, eds., The Comintern: Historical Highlights [New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1966]

A. Resis, ed., Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics: Conversations with Felix Chuev (Chicago: I.R. Dee, 1993),

W. Lippmann, 'The Cold War', Foreign Affairs 65, (New York: The Council on Foreign Relations, Spring 1987), Copyright (1947 and 1987) by the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc.

X, "The Sources of Soviet Conduct", Foreign Affairs 65 (New York: The Council on Foreign Relations, Spring 1987),

A. Eden,The Eden Memoirs: The Reckoning (Cassell, 1965) but Copyright holders not identified.

A. Bullock, Ernest Bevin, Foreign Secretary 1945-1951, Vol. 3, (Heinemann, 1983)

Documents on British Policy Overseas, ed. R .Butler and M. Pelly, vol. 1, no. 1, (London: HMSO, 1984)

Documents on British Policy Overseas, ed. M. Pelly, H. Yasamee and K. Hamilton, vol. 6., no. 1 (London: HMSO, 1991)

W. Lafeber, ed., Origins of the Cold War, Problems in American History (New York and Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Harold Macmillan, War Diaries, Politics and War in the Mediterranean, January 1943 - May 1945 (Macmillan 1984)

David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992)

Documents on International Affairs, 1947-1948, ed. M. Carlyle (Oxford University Press, 1952)

W. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt; the complete correspondence, vol. 3, Alliance Declining (Princeton University Press, 1984)

W. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman [Princeton University Press, 1991]

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Royal Institute of International Affairs, The Soviet-Yugoslav Dispute (R.I.I.A., 1948),

D. Dimbleby and D. Reynolds, An Ocean Apart (Random House, 1988)

Michael Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1987)

Alan Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-1951 (London, Methuen,1984)

E. Barker, The British Between the Superpowers,1945-50 (London,1983)

Melvyn Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration and the Cold War (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1992)

The Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1969)