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Analyzing long-term soil erosion in a ridge-shaped persimmon plantation in
eastern Spain by means of ISUM measurements
Farhad Bayat
a
,
f
,
⁎
, Ali Bayat Monfared
b
, Mohammad Reza Jahansooz
a
, Enric Terol Esparza
c
,
Ali Keshavarzi
d
, Antonio Giménez Morera
e
, Manuel Pulido Fernández
f
, Artemi Cerdà
g
a
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
b
Department of Aerospace, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
c
Cartographic and Topographic, Polytechnic University of Valencia. Valencia, Spain
d
Department of Soil Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
e
Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Alicante, Spain
f
Geo-Environmental Research Group, University of Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
g
Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group (SEDER), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Soil Erosion
Non-sustainable management
Persimmon
Mediterranean areas
Semiarid lands
A B S T R A C T
Graft unions of cultivated plants have been used as passive bio-indicators to assess long-term soil erosion rates.
By taking complementary topographical measures in inter-row areas, soil erosion can be more accurately esti-
mated as done with the Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM) in vineyards. As vines are not the only plants
that are grafted, ISUM could be also applied to other crops. Most fruit trees are planted in ridges and our
objective was to test if ISUM could be applied in a ridge planted persimmon plantation. This update in the
methodology will allow the scientific community to expand measurements that will contribute to assessing soil
erosion processes in intensive and non-sustainable plantations, where soil erosion is a key factor of land de-
gradation. To achieve this goal, we carried out the research in a persimmon orchard plantation located in Canals
municipality, Valencia, eastern Spain. The current soil surface and mobilized soils were estimated using ArcGIS,
MATLAB, and SolidWorks software. The data showed soil erosion of 55.9, 50.4, and 50.2 Mg ha
−1
yr
−1
, using
ArcGIS, MATLAB, and SolidWorks, respectively. In the inter-row areas, soil erosion reached 58.9 Mg ha
−1
yr
−1
with a LS factor of 12. In the row areas, soil erosion was 37.2 Mg ha
−1
yr
−1
. Overall soil erosion rates ranged
from 34.5 to 69.6 Mg ha
−1
yr
−1
. We discuss the effect of tillage and ridges on soil redistribution, and the
contribution of ISUM to improve scientific knowledge due to its long-term assessment. We concluded that soil
erosion in the orchard was extremely high, non-sustainable and that there is a need to apply soil conservation
strategies.
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