Analyses of toponyms and their classification in "a farewell to arms " by ernest hemingway

Ключевые слова и выражения: топоним, топонимемы, название места, ойконимемы, оронимемы, гидронимемы, микротопонимемы.

Departing from the traditionally established differentiation of “speech” and “language” in linguistics we can offer two closely related unified terms for all the lexemes expressing the geonymes: 1) “toponymeme” ( which is a language unit) and 2)“toponym”(which is a speech unit, that is an immediate realization of toponymeme). Hence, analogically it is also advisable to make an emic and etic differentiation of the terms “oikonymemes” and “oikonyms”, “oronymemes” and “oronyms”, “geonymemes” and “geonyms” and“ microtoponymemes” and “microtoponyms”.

Taking into account the origin, nature and other characteristics of toponymemes we can classify them in languages into: 1) natural toponymemes (oronymemes (names of mountains, mountain ranges, mounts, peaks, hills, etc.), hydronymemes (names of rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, bays, straits, channels, canals, etc.),); 2) unnatural ((man-made (oikonymemes (names of populated places), geonymemes(names of ways, thoroughfares, streets, passages), microtoponememes (names of lands, holdings, boundaries, borders, hayfields, pastures,fisheries, logging sites, springs, pools, etc.)).

In the novel we can find out both natural and unnatural toponymemes [See Hemingway E. “Farewell to arms” 1971]: