Analyse differences and similarities in data collecting

3 The structural analysis of the derived adjectives used in different discourse
Derived adjectives are formed by the addition of derivational suffixes to free or bound stems. They usually form analytical comparatives and superlatives by means of the qualifiers more and most. Some of the more important suffixes which form derived adjectives are:
-able added to verbs and bound stems, denoting quality with implication of capacity, fitness or worthness to be acted upon; -able is often used in the sense of "tending to", "given to", "favouring", "causing", "able to" or "liable to". This very common suffix is a live one which can be added to virtually any verb thus giving rise to many new coinages. As it is the descendant of an active derivational suffix in Latin, it also appears as a part of many words borrowed from Latin and French. Examples formed from verbs: remarkable, adaptable, conceivable, drinkable, eatable, regrettable, understandable, etc.; examples formed from bound stems: capable, portable, viable. The unproductive variant of the suffix -able is the suffix -ible (Latin -ibilis, -bilis), which we find in adjectives Latin in origin: visible, forcible, comprehensible, etc.; -ible is no longer used in the formation of new words.
-al, -ial (Lat. -alls, French -al, -el) denoting quality "belonging to", "pertaining to", "having the character of", "appropriate to", e. g.: elemental, bacterial, automnal, fundamental, etc.
The suffix -al added to nouns and bound stems (fatal, local, natural, national, traditional, etc.) is often found in combination with -ic, e. g.: biological, botanical, juridical, typical, etc.
-ish —Germanic in origin, denoting nationality, quality with the meaning "of the nature of", "belonging to", "resembling" also with the sense "somewhat like", often implying contempt, derogatory in force, e. g.: Turkish, bogish, outlandish, whitish, wolfish.
-y — Germanic in origin, denoting quality "pertaining to", "abounding in", "tending or inclined to", e.g.: rocky, watery, bushy, milky, sunny, etc.
In this category, prefixes predominate. The only suffix of note is -ish, meaning ‘somewhat X’, as in greenish, smallish, remotish, ‘rather remote’. By contrast, the prefix un- meaning ‘not’ is extremely widespread: for example, unhappy, unsure, unreliable, undiscovered. Because it is so common, most dictionaries do not attempt to list all un- adjectives. This does not mean, however, that un- can be prefixed to all adjectives quite freely; we do not find, for example, ‘ungood’ with the meaning ‘bad’ (though George Orwell included that word in the Newspeak vocabulary devised for Nineteen Eighty-Four). Another negative prefix is in-, with allomorphs indicated by the variant spellings il-, ir- and im-, as in intangible, illegal, irresponsible and impossible. It is more restricted than un-, largely for historical reasons. For the present, it is worth noting the existence of pairs of more or less synonymous adjectives, one of which is negated with un- and the other with in- or one of its allomorphs:
eatable/uneatable edible/inedible readable/unreadable
legible/illegible lawful/unlawful legal/illegal
touchable/untouchable tangible/intangible
Such examples confirm that the use of in- is lexically restricted. As the negative counterpart of edible, unedible sounds possible, especially if the speaker has limited education and has not encountered, or has momentarily forgotten, the form inedible. However, ‘ineatable’ as the counterpart of eatable is not a form that any English speaker would spontaneously use. Some of the processes that derive adjectives from verbs straddle the divide between derivation and inflection in a way that we have not yet encountered. However, such forms can also be adjectives:
a. a not very interesting book
b. The party-goers sounded very drunk.
c. The car seemed more damaged than the lamp-post.
The modifier very and the comparative construction (more … than) show that interesting, drunk and damaged are adjectives here, not forms of the verb lexemes interest, drink, and damage. (Notice that very cannot modify verbs, so one cannot say *That book very interested me.) As for drunk, its status as belonging to a distinct lexeme here is confirmed by its special meaning (‘intoxicated through drinking alcohol’), not predictable from the meaning of the verb drink (‘swallow liquid’). Further suffixes that commonly form adjectives from verbs, with their basic meanings, are:
1. -able ‘able to be Xed’: breakable, readable, reliable, watchable
2. -ent, -ant ‘tending to X’: repellent, expectant, conversant
3. -ive ‘tending to X’: repulsive, explosive, speculative
Expectations derived from these basic meanings can, as usual in derivation, be overridden; for example, conversant does not mean ‘tending to converse’. We have already encountered -able in (1), where the variant, or allomorph, -ible is also illustrated. What is striking about the –ible words in (2) is that their bases, although they have clearly identifiable verbal meanings such as ‘eat’, ‘read’ and ‘touch’, are bound rather than free. Some of these bound verb roots appear in a number of derived lexemes, such as the aud- root that occurs in (in) audible, audition, audience and auditory. Suffixes that form adjectives from nouns are more numerous. Here are some:
-ful, e.g. joyful, hopeful, helpful, meaningful
-less, e.g. joyless, hopeless, helpless, meaningless
-al, e.g. original, normal, personal, national
-ish, e.g. boyish, loutish, waspish, selfish
As will be seen, adjectives in -ful and -less tend to come in pairs, although the correspondence is not exact: we have slothful but not ‘slothless’, and penniless but not ‘penniful’. This confirms again that, even when the meaning of a potential word may be easily guessable (a ‘slothless’ person would be hardworking, and a ‘penniful’ person would be well off), the existence of the word is not guaranteed. Adjectives are derived from nouns by means of the suffixes listed below. On the use of nouns in apposition with quasi-adjectival functions, -al - 'pertaining to ..., characteristic of ..., etc.' e.g.
natura 'nature' > natural veneno 'poison' > venenal 'poison, of poison'
The most general and unspecific adjectival suffix. The variant -ar is to be preferred with nouns containing l; e.g. bussola 'compass' > bussolar '(of the) compass.' The type interrogatorial may be construed as a derivative from interrogatorio 'interrogatory' or (with the suffix variant -ial) from interrogator. In patterns of this sort the variant -ial is to be preferred.
-an - 'pertaining to ...'; esp. 'native of ...' e.g.
urbe 'town' > urban Mohammed > mohammedan 'Mohammedan'
Africa > african 'African' Tolstoi > tolstoian 'Tolstoyan'
Asia > asian 'Asian'
Used with names of places and persons. In the case of place names not ending in -a or -o as also of all names of persons, the euphonic variant -ian is to be preferred; e.g.: Zamenhof > zamenhofian 'Zamenhofian'; but also Canada > canadian. The corresponding noun form is -ano (-iano).
-ari - 'pertaining to ... , consisting of ... , etc.' e.g.:
legenda 'legend' > legendari, 'legendary'
fragmento 'fragment' > fragmentari 'fragmentary'
vestimento 'garment' > vestimentari 'garment'
Functions as adjective corresponding to nouns in -ario, -ero and -iero. The variants -er and -ier may be used to correspond to nouns in -ero and -iero respectively.
-ate - 'having a... or ...s' e.g.
barba 'beard' > barbate 'bearded' vertebra > vertebrate;
anello 'ring' > anellate 'ringed'
Coincides with past participle, in adjectival use, of verbs in -ar; e.g.: anellar 'to ring' > anellate 'ringed.'
-esc - 'like, similar to, or characteristic of a ...' e.g.:
gigante 'giant' > gigantesc 'gigantic'
elephante 'elephant' > elephantesc 'elephantlike'
'in the manner or style of ...' e.g:
arabe 'Arab' > arabesc 'arabesque' Chopin > chopinesc 'Chopinesque'
-ese - 'pertaining to ...'; esp. 'native to..., of ...'; e.g.
China > chinese 'Chinese' Ural 'Urals' > uralese 'Uralian'
Used with names of places. For nouns in –ese
-ic - 'of, pertaining to ..., characterized by ...' e.g.
cubo 'cube' > cubic; nostalgia > nostalgic
Bosporo 'Bosporus' > bosporic 'of the Bosporus'