Analyse differences and similarities in data collecting



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Analyse differences and similarities in data collecting

I just think it’s unfortunate that all these rumours have circulated.
That all these rumours have circulated is unfortunate. (non-extraposed that-clause)
It is not clear why she left.
Why she left is not clear. (non-extraposed wh-clause)
The adjective in this construction expresses an evaluative attitude, (usually the speaker’s) towards the content of the following clause. But because the construction has anticipatory it as subject, the stance or attitude is not directly attributed to the speaker or some other person, as occurs with complement clauses, whose subjects are referential pronouns or NGs. Adjectives which occur in structures with anticipatory it tend to be more impersonal than those taking a complement clause. They include: advisable, evident, (im)possible, (un) likely, noticable, (un)typical, important, obligatory, curious, obvious, shocking, surprising, true, vital Certain adjectives can occur in both constructions, however: clear, certain, sure.
This Adjectival Group structure is used to describe the relation between an attribute and a process or situation. The attribute and process/situation both refer to the same Subject in examples (a–g) below:
(a) The adjective evaluates the process performed by the subject:
You are kind to visit me.
She must be clever to have won the first prize.
(b) The adjective describes the manner of performing the process:
The Minister was quick to reject the accusation.
You are very slow to give your opinion, aren’t you?
(c) The adjective expresses an emotion caused by the process. The subject of the main clause is also the implied subject of the to-clause:
Everyone was sorry to hear about the accident.
We were all delighted to receive your invitation.
(d) The adjective expresses an attitude or state concerning the process:
I am not willing to believe that story.
The police are powerless to take action in this matter.
(e) The adjective expresses a property of the subject:
Mountain water is not always safe to drink.
Are these pamphlets free to take away (or to be taken away)?
(f) The adjective forms part of a lexical auxiliary (be sure to, be likely to be bound to) in a VG. It denotes a degree of certainty or the tendency of the process to occur. The subject is a ‘raised subject’:
He is sure to arrive late. It is bound to rain.
She is likely to get angry. I am apt to forget details.
(g) The adjective evaluates the process realised by an -ing clause or a to-inf:
You were foolish going out/to go out without an overcoat.
He must have been crazy driving/to drive as fast as that.
The above examples refer to processes performed by the Subject of the clause, that is, the Carrier of the Attribute. The following ones refer to processes not performed by the Subject:
(h) The adjective does not refer to the Subject:
Smoking is hard/ difficult to give up.
This sentence does not mean that smoking is difficult, but that to give up smoking is difficult. Structurally, it is a ‘raised object’, that is, the implied object of the to clause to give up smoking is raised to subject.
(i) In other cases, the Subject may possess the attribute and at the same time be the prepositional Object of the to-infinitive verb:
This paper is thin to write on. The Atlantic is cold to swim in.
Prepositional phrase complements are not usually obligatory (though a few are), but they are all controlled by particular adjectives. The complement completes the meaning with respect to the adjective. Especially in conversation, where speakers can assume a knowledge of what has been said, it is frequently unnecessary to add a complement. We can say I was angry, we were anxious, everyone was delighted without specifying the reason. In writing, however, we often need to make the motivation more specific. A number of adjectives, including accustomed (to), conscious (of) and prone (to) (with the appropriate senses) require a complement. Several adjectives control more than one preposition, for instance good at maths, good for your health, good with children; similar to mine, similar in shape. We here offer a small representative selection of everyday examples. These are grouped according to the preposition and the types of meaning conveyed by the adjective4.
1 adjective + about or + at is used for emotional reaction to something:
angry about what I said; annoyed about the delay
mad about music concerned about his safety
2 adjective + at has two meanings: (a) emotional reaction to something or someone, and (b) an ability:
(a) happy at the prospect alarmed at the news
mad at my sister indignant at the accusation
(b) clever at getting what he wants bad at letter-writing good at mathematics hopeless at remembering names.
Other adjectives used with at: (a) pleased, annoyed (b) brilliant, terrible, adept, skilled, marvellous
3 adjective + by (with adjectives derived from past participles and passive in meaning):
amused by the anecdote puzzled by the question
hurt by her remarks worried by their failure to return
4 adjective + for means the value the adjective has for something or someone:
anxious for success hopeful for the future
good for the health responsible for their welfare
5 adjective + from has two meanings: (a) separation and distancing; (b) effect–cause:
(a) remote from civilisation different from everyone else
(b) sleepless from anxiety tired from overworking
6 adjective + in is used for an existing or resulting state:
dressed in white slow in reacting
deep in a book lost in thought
7 adjective + of is used for (a) mental state in terms of the antagonist or process; (b) mental state in terms of the protagonist; (c) containment:
(a) afraid of wild animals capable of great concentration
(b) kind of you stupid of him (c) full of enthusiasm sick of it all
The (b) sequence occurs in clauses beginning It is + adjective + extraposed subject:
It is kind of you to take such trouble.
It was stupid of him to lose the keys.
8 adjective + on is used for dedication, dependence or aim:
keen on sport intent on divorce
dependent on other people set on studying abroad
9 adjective + to means (a) mental state or attitude related to a phenomenon; (b) equivalence, similarity or comparison:
(a) opposed to innovation kind to old people; accustomed to hardship
(b) similar to the others equal to half a kilo
10 adjective + with can be (a) emotional reaction or physical state due to a cause, or (b) property or ability:
(a) fed up with the weather pale with fear
(b) skilful with his hands good with children
Note that 2(b) describes ability in relation to the task; 10(b) describes ability in relation to the tools or raw material.
11 adjective + beyond means to an extreme degree (with non-count nouns):
cruel beyond endurance injured beyond recovery
The fact that a PP occurs after an adjective does not necessarily mean that it complements the adjective; it may be functioning as a clausal or stance Adjunct:
Complement: He is brilliant at maths.
Clausal Adjunct: He is brilliant in many respects.
Stance Adjunct: In my opinion, he’s a brilliant mathematician.



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