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Bog'liq
Edward Le PhD Dissertation

 
2.2.3 Calculation of Interfacial Properties 
The results for DLS stiffness were fitted to a shear-lag theory to extract the 
interfacial property D
t
. The details of the shear-lag theory are described in Nairn (2007). 
The interfacial properties of individual specimens were measured and then averaged. 
Figure 2.2 is the representation of the DLS specimen. Because of the way specimens 


21 
were made, outer strands had the same MOE and thickness (E
1
and t
1
). The central strand 
may be different (E
2
and t
2
). The stiffness k for each specimen was determined from 
slope of the load versus displacement plot for the specimen.
Interfacial stiffness per surface area 
D
t
(MPa/mm) was extracted using shear-lag 
theory with an imperfect interface. Let k be measured specimen stiffness, then
2
1
2
2
2
)
2
1
(
1
L
R
L
R
C
C
W
E
t
k
+
+
+
=

λ
λ
(Eq. 2.2) 
where 
(
)
(
)






+
+




+
+





+
=

2
4
2
1
4
4
2
1
2
)
2
1
(
1
2
2
2
2
2
β
β
λ
β
βλ
β
λ
β
λ
l
Csch
l
R
t
dkE
lR
l
Tanh
R
l
Tanh
R
C
C
C
/

C
is the ratio of the compliance of the bonded section of the specimen relative to the 
compliance where the three strands equally deform as a unit.
Here 
dk
G
t
G
t
E
t
RE
t
+
+
+
=
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
6
3
2
1
λ
λ
β
is the shear-lag parameter, which in modern shear-lag theory 
can account for interfacial stiffness properties (Nairn 2004, 2007A).
t
D
dk
1
=

2
1
t
t
=
λ

2
1
E
E
R
=

)
2
1
(
2
2
R
WE
t
l
C
λ
+
=

The only unknown in k is 
D
t
or the interfacial property. Thus given experimental results 
for k and strand E and t, 
D
t
can be calculated.
Figure 2.3 shows a sample shear-lag calculation of DLS specimen k as a function 
of interfacial stiffness. The stiffness deceases as 1/
D
t
increases. Given experimental 
results for specimen k, 
D
t
can be found by numerical solution. The process is illustrated 
graphically in Figure 2.3 where “Expt k” is mapped to the curve, to find 1/
D
t
. The dotted 
lines illustrate propagation of error in k (

k) to error in 1/
D
t
(

(1/
D
t
)). To minimize 
error in 1/
D
t
, the curve should be as steep as possible. One way to achieve this goal is to 
keep bond length, l, as short as possible. All bond lengths here had l = 25 mm, which was 


22 
thought to be as short as possible while still having samples with reliable bonds and with 
ease of use in the mechanical tests.
Figure 2.3. Analysis of interfacial stiffness.
2.2.4 Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data 
Statistical analysis for these data was performed with standard one sample t-test 
using S-PLUS statistical software Version 8.0 and Microsoft Excel 2003 statistical 
analysis tools. All comparisons of interfacial properties and MOE were based on a 95% 
confidence level.
An analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing different adhesive surface coverage 
was performed within the treatments and found that the interfacial property had 
statistically significant different results. 
500
900
1300
1700
2100
2500
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50

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