American literature


Literature written by African Americans during the contemporary period was shaped in many ways by Richard Wright, whose autobiography



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American literature

Literature written by African Americans during the contemporary period was shaped in many ways by Richard Wright, whose autobiography Black Boy was published in 1945. He left the United States for France after World War II, repulsed by the injustice and discrimination he faced as a black man in America; other black writers working from the 1950s through the 1970s also wrestled with the desires to escape an unjust society and to change it.
Ralph Ellison’s novel Invisible Man (1952) tells the story of an unnamed black man adrift in, and ignored by, America.
James Baldwin wrote essays, novels, and plays on race and sexuality throughout his life, but his first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), was his most accomplished and influential.
Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun, a play about the effects of racism in Chicago, was first performed in 1959.
Gwendolyn Brooks became, in 1950, the first African American poet to win a Pulitzer Prize.
The Black Arts movement was grounded in the tenets of black nationalism and sought to generate a uniquely black consciousness. The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965), by Malcolm X and Alex Haley, is among its most-lasting literary expressions.
Toni Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970), launched a writing career that would put the lives of black women at its center. She received a Nobel Prize in 1993.
In the 1960s Alice Walker began writing novels, poetry, and short stories that reflected her involvement in the civil rights movement.
The American novel took on a dizzying number of forms after World War II. Realist, metafictional, postmodern, absurdist, autobiographical, short, long, fragmentary, feminist, stream of consciousness—these and dozens more labels can be applied to the vast output of American novelists. Little holds them together beyond their chronological proximity and engagement with contemporary American society. Among representative novels are
Norman MailerThe Naked and the Dead (1948), The Executioner’s Song (1979)
Vladimir NabokovLolita (1955)
Jack KerouacOn the Road (1957)
Thomas PynchonThe Crying of Lot 49 (1966)
Kurt VonnegutSlaughterhouse-Five (1969)
Eudora WeltyThe Optimist’s Daughter (1972)
Philip RothPortnoy’s Complaint (1969), American Pastoral (1997)
Ursula K. Le GuinThe Left Hand of Darkness (1969)
Saul BellowHumboldt’s Gift (1975)
Toni MorrisonSong of Solomon (1977), Beloved (1987)
Alice WalkerThe Color Purple (1982)
Sandra CisnerosThe House on Mango Street (1983)
Jamaica KincaidAnnie John (1984)
Maxine Hong KingstonTripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book (1989)
David Foster WallaceInfinite Jest (1996)
Don DeLilloUnderworld (1997)
Ha JinWaiting (1999)
Jonathan FranzenThe Corrections (2001)
Junot DíazThe Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007)

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