Alexander Fleming

Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming was born in Ayrshire on 6 August 1881, the son of a farmer. He moved to London at the age of 13 and later trained as a doctor. He qualified with distinction in 1906 and began research at St Mary’s Hospital Medical School at the University of London under Sir Almroth Wright, a pioneer in vaccine therapy. In World War One Fleming served in the Army Medical Corps and was mentioned in dispatches. After the war, he returned to St Mary’s. In 1928, while studying influenza, Fleming noticed that mould had developed accidentally on a set of culture dishes being used to grow the staphylococci germ. The mould had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. Fleming experimented further and named the active substance penicillin. It was two other scientists however, Australian Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, a refugee from Nazi Germany, who developed penicillin further so that it could be produced as a drug. At first supplies of penicillin were very limited, but by the 1940s it was being mass-produced by the American drugs industry. Fleming wrote numerous papers on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy. He was elected professor of the medical school in 1928 and emeritus professor of bacteriology at the University of London in 1948. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1943 and knighted in 1944. In 1945 Fleming, Florey and Chain shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Fleming died on 11 March 1955.
Task: read, translate and answer to the following questions below:
1. When was born Alexander Fleming?
2. What did he do at the age of 13?
3. What was the active substance which experimented Fleming?
4. Can you count the awards of Alexander Fleming?
Answers

1. 
   He was born on 6 August 1881 in Ayrshire
   

2)He moved to London at the age of 13 and later trained as a doctor.
3)Fleming experimented further and named the active substance penicillin.
4)Fleming was awarded with Nobel prize in medicine and Florey and Chain together.

Aleksandr Fleming

Aleksandr Fleming 1881 yil 6 avgustda Ayrshirda fermerning o'g'li bo'lib tug'ilgan. U 13 yoshida Londonga ko'chib o'tdi va keyinchalik shifokor sifatida o'qidi. U 1906 yilda yuqori malakaga ega bo'ldi va vaktsina terapiyasi bo'yicha kashshof ser Almrot Rayt boshchiligidagi London universitetidagi Sent-Meri kasalxonasi tibbiyot maktabida tadqiqot boshladi. Birinchi jahon urushida Fleming armiya tibbiyot korpusida xizmat qilgan va yuborilgan xabarlarda tilga olingan. Urushdan keyin u Sent-Meri'sga qaytib keldi. 1928 yilda grippni o'rganayotganda, Fleming stafilokokklar mikroblarini etishtirish uchun ishlatiladigan madaniyat idishlari to'plamida tasodifan mog'or paydo bo'lganini payqadi. Mog'or o'z atrofida bakteriyalarsiz doira hosil qilgan. Fleming ko'proq tajriba o'tkazdi va faol moddani penitsillin deb atadi. Ammo bu yana ikki olim, avstraliyalik Xovard Flori va fashistlar Germaniyasidan kelgan qochqin Ernst Chain penitsillinni dori sifatida ishlab chiqarish uchun yanada rivojlantirdilar. Dastlab penitsillinning ta'minoti juda cheklangan edi, ammo 1940-yillarga kelib u Amerika dori sanoati tomonidan ommaviy ishlab chiqarila boshlandi. Fleming bakteriologiya, immunologiya va kimyoterapiya bo'yicha ko'plab maqolalar yozgan. U 1928 yilda tibbiyot fakulteti professori va 1948 yilda London universitetining bakteriologiya bo'yicha faxriy professori etib saylandi. 1943 yilda Qirollik jamiyati a'zosi etib saylandi va 1944 yilda ritsar unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi. 1945 yilda Fleming, Flori va Chain Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo'lishdi. Dori. Fleming 1955 yil 11 martda vafot etdi.