LECTURE 18
E
NGLISH
L
ITERATURE OF THE
20
TH CENTURY
1.
Youth disagreements in Jerome Salinger's works.
2.
Middle-class representatives in the novels of John Cheever, John Updike
3.
Humoristic fantasy in the works of Ray Bradbury
4.
Drama of Edward Albee, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams. Non-fiction of Truman
Capote
1. Youth disagreements in Jerome Salinger's works.
Jerome David "J. D." Salinger
was an American writer. Born in New York City on the first
day of 1919, J.D. Salinger is the son of a Jewish father and a Christian mother. After brief periods of
enrollment at both NYU and Columbia University, Salinger devoted himself entirely to writing, and by
1940 he had published several short stories in periodicals. Although his career as a writer was interrupted
by World War II, Salinger returned from service in 1946 and resumed his career, writing primarily for
The New Yorker
. Some of his most notable stories include his first story for
The New Yorker
, "A Perfect
Day for Bananafish" (1948), which tells of the suicide of a despairing war veteran, and "For Esmé--With
Love and Squalor" (1950), which describes a U.S. soldier's encounter with two British children. Salinger
has published a total of thirty-five short stories in various publications, including many in
The Saturday
Evening Post
,
Story
, and
Colliers
between 1940 and 1948, and in
The New Yorker
from 1948 to 1965.
Salinger has continually enjoyed major critical and popular acclaim with
The Catcher in the Rye
(1951), the story of Holden Caulfield, a rebellious boarding-school student who attempts to run away
from the adult world that he finds "phony." In many ways reminiscent of Mark Twain's
Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn
, Salinger's only novel finds great sympathy for its wayward child protagonist. It drew
from characters he had created in two short stories published in 1945 and 1946, "This Sandwich Has No
Mayonnaise" and "I'm Crazy." The latter story is an alternate take on several of the chapters in
The
Catcher in the Rye
.
Salinger was also very interested in Zen Buddhism, Hindu-Buddhism, and other Eastern beliefs. He
drew increasingly from these traditions for his own work. Traces of Buddhism can be found throughout
Nine Stories
, for example, particularly in the book's closing story, "Teddy." Salinger also was a devoted
student of
The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna
, an important work of Hindu mysticism, translated by Joseph
Campbell and Swami Nikhilananda.
Salinger followed
The Catcher in the Rye
with
Nine Stories
(1953), a selection of his best short
stories, and
Franny and Zooey
(1961), which draws from two earlier stories in
The New Yorker
. In 1963
he published several of his short stories as a novel,
Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters
. He also
published
Seymour: An Introduction
. His relatively small literary output and reclusive habits since that
time have made Salinger the subject of great notoriety.
Raised in Manhattan, Salinger began writing short stories while in secondary school, and published
several in
Story
magazine
[3]
in the early 1940s before serving in World War II. In 1948, his critically
acclaimed story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" appeared in
The New Yorker
magazine, which became
home to much of his later work. In 1951, his novel
The Catcher in the Rye
was an immediate popular
success. His depiction of adolescent alienation and loss of innocence in the protagonist Holden Caulfield
238
was influential, especially among adolescent readers.
[4]
The novel remains widely read and controversial
selling around 250,000 copies a year.
The success of
The Catcher in the Rye
led to public attention and scrutiny: Salinger became
reclusive, publishing new work less frequently. He followed
Catcher
with a short story collection,
Nine
Stories
(1953), a volume containing a novella and a short story,
Franny and Zooey
(1961), and a volume
containing two novellas,
Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction
(1963).
His last published work, a novella entitled "Hapworth 16, 1924", appeared in
The New Yorker
on June 19,
1965.
Afterward, Salinger struggled with unwanted attention, including a legal battle in the 1980s with
biographer Ian Hamilton and the release in the late 1990s of memoirs written by two people close to him:
Joyce Maynard, an ex-lover; and Margaret Salinger, his daughter. In 1996, a small publisher announced a
deal with Salinger to publish "Hapworth 16, 1924" in book form, but amid the ensuing publicity, the
release was indefinitely delayed.
[6]
He made headlines around the globe in June 2009 when he filed a
lawsuit against another writer for copyright infringement resulting from that writer's use of one of the
characters from
The Catcher in the Rye
.
[7]
Salinger died of natural causes on January 27, 2010, at his
home in Cornish, New Hampshire
Starting in 1953, Salinger resided in Cornish, New Hampshire, and claimed that he continued to
write. As details about Salinger were notoriously vague because of his reclusiveness, he became the
subject of much speculation. He refused to give interviews or to deal with the press. Personal information
about Salinger was therefore limited but in great demand. Letters written by Salinger to a young woman
with whom he had had an affair gained a $156,000 auction price at Sotheby's. In these letters, written in
1972, Salinger writes to Joyce Maynard, then an eighteen-year-old student at Yale, who later left college
to live with Salinger for nine months. These letters trace his growing attachment to Maynard and deal
with the necessity of guarding and protecting the writer's source of creativity from the glare of the outside
world. Maynard later became a published writer herself, publishing the comic novel
To Die For
and, in a
controversial move, publishing a memoir concerning her relationship with Salinger. In her memoir,
Maynard implied that Salinger's demand for privacy stemmed from his awareness that his private
activities, including several relationships with young women like Maynard, would ultimately mar his
reputation.
The trauma from the war resulted in a nervous breakdown after which Salinger was hospitalized.
While under treatment, Salinger met his first wife Sylvia, probably a German Nazi. The two stayed in
marriage for a short period of 8 months only. In 1955, Salinger married again, Claire Douglas, daughter,
of a noted art critic. Maintaining the marriage for a little more than 10 years, the couple had two children.
Six years after his divorce, a new relationship bloomed when he noticed the name of Joyce Maynard,
whose story in New York Times Magazine impressed Salinger after which he started a series of intense
correspondence with her. Joyce soon moved in with Salinger and was lashed out after 10 months. In 1998
Joyce wrote about her experience with Salinger, describing him to be an obsessive lover. Maynard was
not the end of Salinger’s love life. He was romantically involved with actress Ellen Joyce for some time
after which he married Colleen O’Neill, a young nurse who remained his wife until his death on January
27, 2010.
Salinger was showered with praise when his novel, The Catcher in the Rye was published in 1951.
Despite also receiving some very harsh criticism on grounds of promoting immoral views, the book,
ironically became the most taught book of the 20th century with its inclusion in the curriculum of high
school literature. A best seller for life, the book has sold over 120 million copies all over the world.
According to John Lennon’s assassin, Mark David Chapman, the reason for his crime was in the pages of
The Catcher in the Rye which was found in Chapman’s possession at the time of his arrest.
Although Salinger continued to write till the end of his days, The Catcher in the Rye remains his
only published novel. He led a private life of immense secrecy and speculation. Some sources believe
there may be at least 10 completed novels hidden in Salinger’s house.
Raised in Manhattan, Salinger began writing short stories while in secondary school, and published
several in Story magazine in the early 1940s before serving in World War II. In 1948 his critically
acclaimed story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" appeared in The New Yorker magazine, which became
home to much of his later work. In 1951 his novel The Catcher in the Rye was an immediate popular
success. His depiction of adolescent alienation and loss of innocence in the protagonist Holden Caulfield
was influential, especially among adolescent readers. The novel remains widely read and controversial,
selling around 250,000 copies a year.
239
The success of The Catcher in the Rye led to public
attention and scrutiny: Salinger became reclusive,
publishing new work less frequently. He followed
Catcher with a short story collection, Nine Stories (1953),
a volume containing a novella and a short story, Franny
and Zooey (1961), and a volume containing two novellas,
Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An
Introduction (1963). His last published work, a novella
entitled "Hapworth 16, 1924", appeared in The New
Yorker on June 19, 1965.
Afterward, Salinger struggled with unwanted
attention, including a legal battle in the 1980s with
biographer Ian Hamilton and the release in the late 1990s
of memoirs written by two people close to him: Joyce
Maynard, an ex-lover; and Margaret Salinger, his daughter. In 1996, a small publisher announced a deal
with Salinger to publish "Hapworth 16, 1924" in book form, but amid the ensuing publicity, the release
was indefinitely delayed. He made headlines around the globe in June 2009 when he filed a lawsuit
against another writer for copyright infringement resulting from that writer's use of one of the characters
from The Catcher in the Rye. Salinger died of natural causes on January 27, 2010, at his home in Cornish,
New Hampshire
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