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knowledge, Ahab is struck blind before he is wounded in the leg and finally killed.
Moby-Dick
ends with the
word "orphan." Ishmael, the narrator, is an orphan-like wanderer. The name Ishmael emanates from the
Book of Genesis in the Old Testament -- he was the son of Abraham and Hagar (servant to Abraham's wife,
Sarah). Abraham cast Ishmael and Hagar into the wilderness.
Other examples exist. Rachel (one of the patriarch Jacob's wives) is the name of the boat that rescues
Ishmael at book's end. Finally, the metaphysical whale reminds Jewish and Christian readers of the biblical
story of Jonah, who was tossed overboard by fellow sailors who considered him an object of ill fortune.
Swallowed by a "big fish," according to the biblical text, he lived for a time in its belly before being returned
to dry land through God's intervention. Seeking to flee from punishment, he only brought more suffering
upon himself.
Historical references also enrich the novel. The ship
Pequod
is named for an extinct New England Indian
tribe; thus, the name suggests that the boat is doomed to destruction. Whaling was in fact a major industry,
especially in New England: It supplied oil as an energy source, especially for lamps. Thus, the whale does
literally "shed light" on the universe. Whaling was also inherently expansionist and linked with the idea of
manifest destiny, since it required Americans to sail round the world in search of whales (in fact, the present
state of Hawaii came under American domination because it was used as the major refueling base for
American whaling ships). The
Pequod's
crewmembers represent all races and various religions, suggesting
the idea of America as a universal state of mind as well as a melting pot. Finally, Ahab embodies the tragic
version of democratic American individualism. He asserts his dignity as an individual and dares to oppose
the inexorable external forces of the universe. The novel's epilogue tempers the tragic destruction of the ship.
Throughout, Melville stresses the importance of friendship and the multicultural human community. After
the ship sinks, the engraved coffin made by his close friend, the heroic tattooed harpooner and Polynesian
prince Queequeg saves Ishmael. The coffin's primitive, mythological designs incorporate the history of the
cosmos. Ishmael is rescued from death by an object of death.
From death, life emerges, in the end.
Moby-Dick
has been called a "natural epic" - a magnificent dramatization of the human spirit set in
primitive nature - because of its hunter myth, its initiation theme, its Edenic island symbolism, its positive
treatment of pre-technological peoples, and its quest for rebirth. In setting humanity alone in nature, it is
eminently American.
QUESTIONS:
1.
What is Romanticism characterized by?
2.
Who are the writers of the Romantic Period and what kinds of works did they produce?
3.
What term developed in the Romantic theory?
4.
Who are the first important fiction writers?
5.
Whose work is
“Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon”
and who is Geoffrey Crayon?
6.
What is the story of "
Rip Van Winkle
"?
7.
Give the summary of Washington Irving‘s story "
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
."
8.
What subjects did Washington Irving described in his works?
9.
What is James Fennimore Cooper’s difference from Washington Irving and other American writers?
10.
Describe Natty Bumppo.
11.
How is the collection of five novels about the life of Natty Bumppo titled?
12.
What do Fennimore Cooper’s novels portray?
13.
What is Edgar Allan Poe’s genre?
14.
What was strange about Edgar Allan Poe’s life?
15.
What can you say about the characters of Edgar Allan Poe’s stories?
16.
What is Herman Melville’s first book “
Typee”
about?
17.
What is Herman Melville’s masterpiece and what kind of work is it?
18.
Give the summary of Herman Melville’s “
Moby Dick
”.
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