C H A P T E R 4
Developments in Nonexpected-Utility Theory:
The Hunt for a Descriptive Theory of
Choice under Risk
C H R I S S T A R M E R
1
. Introduction
H
ow many theories of decision making under risk and uncertainty can you think
of? Readers of this article will no doubt be familiar with expected-utility theory
(EU), the standard theory of individual choice in economics. Many, I expect, will
know of a few alternatives to this model. But how many, I wonder, will be aware
that these so-called nonexpected utility models now number well into double
figures? An enormous amount of theoretical effort has been devoted toward devel-
oping alternatives to EU, and this has run hand-in-hand with an ongoing experi-
mental program aimed at testing those theories. The good and proper division of
labor suggests that a relatively small group of specialists will be fully aware of the
details of this literature. At the same time, the implications of developments in
this field are of more than passing interest to the general economist since what
stimulated developments in non-EU is surely of widespread concern: put bluntly,
the standard theory did not fit the facts.
As the standard theory of individual decision making, and as a core component
of game theory, EU constitutes a key building block of a vast range of economic
theory. It should be no surprise, therefore, that developing a better understanding
of the determinants of individual choice behavior seemed a natural research prior-
ity to many theorists. Around two decades of quite intensive research on the topic
has generated a great deal of theoretical innovation plus a much richer body of evi-
dence against which models can be judged. There can be few areas in economics
that could claim to have sustained such a rich interaction between theory and evi-
dence in an ongoing effort to develop theories in closer conformity with the facts.
Considered together, the accumulated theory and evidence present an opportunity
to reflect on what has been achieved. Perhaps the most obvious question to address
to this literature is this: Has it generated, or does it show the prospect of generat-
ing, a serious contender for replacing EU, at least for certain purposes?
I owe thanks to Colin Camerer, Robin Cubitt, Paolo Ghirardato, Mark Machina, John Quiggin, Uzi
Segal, Robert Sugden, Peter Wakker, and George Wu, plus an anonymous referee for extremely help-
ful comments on and discussions around this chapter. I am also grateful for support from the Eco-
nomic and Social Research Council of the UK (Risk and Human Behavior Research Programme).
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